PART ONE Hepatomegaly (infiltrative, inflammatory, lipidosis, neoplasia) Splenomegaly (infiltrative, inflammatory, neoplasia, hematoma) Renomegaly (neoplasia, infiltrative) Miscellaneous neoplasia (GI tract, ovaries, uterus, pancreas, prostate, adrenal glands) Generalized neoplasia (carcinomatosis, lymphosarcoma) Granuloma (pythiosis, aspergillosis) Transudate (portal hypertension, right-sided heart failure, hypoproteinemia secondary to protein-losing enteropathy, protein-losing nephropathy, or hepatic failure) Modified transudate (neoplasia, postsinusoidal portal hypertension, right-sided heart failure, heartworm caval syndrome, liver disease) Exudate (pancreatitis, feline infectious peritonitis, urine, bile, neoplasia, bowel perforation, foreign body) Chyle (trauma, neoplasia, infection, right-sided heart failure) Antibiotics (penicillins, sulfonamides, lincomycin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, polymyxin B, doxorubicin) Parasiticides (dichlorophen, levamisole, piperazine, dichlorvos, diethylcarbamazine, thiacetarsamide) Anesthetics/sedatives (acepromazine, ketamine, barbiturates, lidocaine, bupivacaine, narcotics, diazepam) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Hormones (insulin, corticotropin, vasopressin, parathyroid hormone, glucocorticoids) Enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin) Vitamins (vitamin K, thiamine, folic acid) One third of cases are anuric, one third are oliguric, and one third are nonoliguric; more likely to be oliguric/anuric with severe renal toxicosis Toxic: exogenous (drugs, biologic or environmental toxins), endogenous (calcium, pigments) Infectious: pyelonephritis, leptospirosis, infectious canine hepatitis, borreliosis, sepsis Ischemia: progression of prerenal azotemia, NSAIDs, vascular disease (avulsion, thrombosis, stenosis), shock, decreased cardiac output, deep anesthesia, extensive surgery, hypothermia, hyperthermia, hyperviscosity (polycythemia vera, multiple myeloma, extensive cutaneous burns, transfusion reaction, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Immune mediated: acute glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), transplant rejection, vasculitis Systemic disease with renal manifestations Fear: apprehension associated with the presence of an object, individual, or object; may be normal or abnormal, depending on context Phobia: quickly developed, immediate, profound abnormal response to a stimulus leading to catatonia or panic Edema (trauma, glaucoma, immune-mediated keratitis such as keratouveitis caused by canine adenovirus-1, endothelial dystrophy, neurotropic keratitis) Superficial keratitis (pannus) Corneal melanosis (entropion, ectropion, lagophthalmos, facial nerve paralysis) Cellular infiltrate (bacterial, viral, fungal) Fibrin (anterior uveitis: many causes) Hypopyon (immune-mediated, neoplastic [lymphosarcoma], infectious [blastomycosis, cryptococcus, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, toxoplasmosis, FIP, protothecosis, brucellosis, septicemia]) Hyphema (trauma, blood-clotting deficiencies, ehrlichiosis, rickettsia, systemic hypertension, retinal detachment neoplasia) Lipid (hyperlipidemia with concurrent anterior uveitis to disrupt the blood-aqueous barrier)
Clinical Signs Approach to Differential Diagnosis
Abdominal Distension
Fluid
Free Fluid in Abdomen
Abdominal Effusions and Ascites
Abdominal Pain, Acute
Urogenital System
Aggressive Behavior
Alopecia
Anaphylaxis
Drugs
Anuria and Oliguria
Acute Renal Failure
Anxiety and Phobias
Ataxia and Incoordination
Blindness
Aqueous Humor Lesions
Retinal Lesions
Failure to Transmit Visual Message
1: Clinical Signs Approach to Differential Diagnosis
