U

U

U chemical symbol, uranium; unit; uracil.

U-suture interrupted horizontal mattress suture.

UAA ochre codon, one of the three stop codons.

UAG amber codon, one of the three stop codons.

uakari (Cacajao spp.) small, bald-faced New World monkey with a short, stumpy tail.

Uasin gishu disease a viral disease of horses in Kenya. Highly contagious, large lesions and a generalized cutaneous eruption with a pathology similar to that of molluscum contagiosum of humans. There is a poxvirus similar to vaccinia associated with the disease.

Uberreiter’s syndrome see chronic superficial keratitis.

ubiquinol [u″b –kw –nol’] the form of ubiquinone when reduced by two electrons.

ubiquinone [u″b –kw –nō n’] coenzyme Q; component of the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation.

ubiquitin heat shock (cell stress) protein present in mammalian cytosol; attaches to other cytosolic proteins and marks them for degradation either by specific proteases or by lysosomal enzymes.

UD Utility Dog; the third level title, after CD and CDX, awarded in obedience trial competition.

udder [ud’r] mammary gland of farm animals. The cow has four quarters and four teats. The rest of the ruminants and the mare have two. The sow may have as many as 18. See also mammary gland, mastitis, teat.

u. abscesses these form at the base of the teat and are usually associated with summer mastitis.

u. acne see udder impetigo (below).

u. amputation done in cows with severe mastitis or rupture of the suspensory apparatus (below).

u. caking a plaque of hard tissue in the floor of the udder in a cow just calved. Makes milking difficult but frequent handmilking and hot water fomentation reduces the swelling. See also blue breast.

u. dermatitis see intertrigo; flexural seborrhea, ulcerative mammary dermatitis.

u. development failure congenital defect of no mammary development in a female

u. edema late and recent calving are often accompanied by edema of the udder and the subcutaneous tissue immediately in front of the udder. The swelling may be great enough to prevent the cow being milked or suckled and it may interfere with the cow moving about. Compression of the vascular drainage from the area probably contributes to the condition but there are obviously other unidentified factors which cause a very serious disability in only a few cows in a herd, all of which are being treated in exactly the same way.

u. impetigo staphylococcal dermatitis of the skin of the teats and lower udder. Transmissible between cows and to human attendants at milking.

u. inflation useful but no longer used farmer treatment for parturient hypocalcemia (milk fever) in cows; air, filtered through a layer of sterile gauze, was pumped into each of the four quarters of the patient by a hand-operated pump through a rubber tube attached to a teat siphon. Pumping ceased when air began to leak out past the teat siphon. If the teats were tied off with tape the ties were removed after 20 minutes. The back pressure of the air stopped further loss of calcium from the patient’s blood which then regained a safe concentration of calcium.

u. infusion antibiotic or other antibacterial in water or, almost exclusively, an ointment base used to convey the medication, from the individual container, via the teat canal into the mammary tissue.

u. infusion tube see teat tube.

u. kinch a form of restraint by twitch. A loop of rope is made around the cow’s abdomen just in front of the udder but the belly of the rope is passed around the udder base before the noose is tightened.

u. suspensory apparatus in the cow consists of two median sheets of yellow elastic tissue attached to the pelvic symphysis by its symphysial tendon and two less substantial lateral sheets of white fibrous tissue; all four sheets serve to suspend the udder from the pelvic skeleton. A full udder causes the elastic tissue in the middle of the gland to stretch more than the lateral ligaments causing the teats to project sideways.

u. symmetry the front pair and the mammary glands in the two hind quarters are very similar in shape and size; asymmetry usually indicates mastitis in an early hypertrophic stage, or a later atrophic stage.

u.-thigh dermatitis see flexural seborrhea, ulcerative mammary dermatitis.

u. washing see teat sanitization.

UDP uridine diphosphate.

UDP-G-pyrophosphorylase an enzyme that synthesizes uridine diphosphoglucose as part of glycogenesis.

UDP-galactose uridine diphosphate-galactose; intermediate in the formation of galactose from glucose for the synthesis of glycolipids, proteoglycans, glycoproteins and of lactose in the mammary gland.

UDP-galactose 4-epimerase enzyme which converts UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose by an epimerase reaction in the synthesis of galactose from glucose.

UDP-glucose activated form of glucose required for glycosyltransferase reactions in the synthesis of glycogen and other polysaccharides.

UDX Utility Dog Excellent; the highest level title earned in obedience trial competition.

UFAW Universities Federation for Animal Welfare.

UGA opal codon, one of the three stop codons.

Uhl’s anomaly [yōōl] congenital hypoplasia of the myocardium of the right ventricle.

uitpeuloog a contagious disease of the eyes in ruminants and horses caused by the larvae of the fly Gedoelstia.

Ukrainian whiteheaded cattle red or black dairy cattle with white head, feet and belly; originated from Dutch Groningen whitehead plus local Ukrainian cattle.

ulcer [ul’sr] a full-thickness defect of cutaneous, mucosal or corneal epithelium. The exposed supporting tissue is inevitably damaged and inflamed, often infected, and may produce a covering layer of fibrinous inflammatory exudate (diphtheritic membrane). Occurs in many organs and can found under those headings, e.g. abomasal, corneal, gastric.

Boxer u. see refractory ulcer (below).

button u. see button ulcer.

callous u. see set-fast (2).

collagenase u. a rapidly expanding, malacic (‘melting’) corneal ulcer due to collagenase production by (typically gram-negative) bacteria or by host cells; seen particularly in brachycephalic breeds of dogs.

decubitus u. see decubital ulcer.

dendritic u. linear, branching pattern of ulceration of the cornea; characteristic of herpesvirus infections. See also herpetic keratitis.

eosinophilic u. see eosinophilic ulcer.

gastroduodenal u. common in foals 1–3 months old. Many are asymptomatic. Clinical cases manifest by mild, intermittent colic. See also gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer.

geographic u. a superficial, irregularly shaped corneal ulcer.

indolent u. see eosinophilic ulcer, refractory ulcer (below).

intestinal u. is rare in all species. When they do occur, intestinal ulcers usually cause signs of chronic enteritis. It is a common lesion in adenocarcinoma of the intestine. See also peptic ulcer.

lip u. see eosinophilic ulcer.

lip and leg u. see ulcerative dermatosis.

melting u. see collagenase ulcer (above).

u. mound a gastric ulcer viewed tangentially radiographically creates a mound in the otherwise smooth outline of radiopaque material in the stomach.

necrotic u. of swine see ulcerative granuloma of swine.

u. of pars esophagea of swine see gastric ulcer of swine.

perforating u. one that involves the entire thickness of an organ, creating an opening on both surfaces. See also ulcer perforation.

phagedenic u. a necrotizing lesion in which tissue destruction is prominent.

refractory u. a chronic, superficial corneal ulceration in dogs, particularly common in Boxers, that fails to heal due to dysfunctional adhesion between the epithelium and superficial corneal stroma leading to an undermined, non-adherent epithelial lip at the edges. Response to the usual methods of treatment for corneal ulceration is characteristically very slow or completely absent; anterior stromal puncture techniques (grid and punctate keratotomy) and sometimes superficial keratectomy are the treatments of choice. Called also superficial corneal erosion syndrome, indolent ulcer, Boxer ulcer, spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED).

rodent u. see eosinophilic ulcer

stress u. superficial ulcerations or erosions of mucosa in the stomach, duodenum or colon. The possible predisposing factors include changes in the microcirculation of the gastric mucosa, increased permeability of the gastric mucosa barrier to H+, and impaired cell proliferation.

stromal u. a corneal ulcer involving the stroma.

trophic u. one due to imperfect nutrition of the part. In dogs, may develop in digital and metatarsal pads in association with tibial nerve injury.

ulcerate [ul’sr-āt] to undergo ulceration.

ulceration [ul″sr-a’shn] 1. formation or development of an ulcer. 2. an ulcer.

ulcerative [ul’s–ra″tiv, ul’sr––tiv] pertaining to or characterized by ulceration.

u. balanitis see enzootic balanoposthitis.

u. cellulitis see ulcerative lymphangitis.

u. colitis see eosinophilic ulcerative colitis, histiocytic ulcerative colitis.

u. dermal necrosis a skin disease of the head of Atlantic salmon and sea trout as they enter fresh water from the sea. The cause is unknown.

U-1: Dendritic ulcers stained with fluorescein in a cat with herpesvirus infection. From Peiffer R, Petersen-Jones S, Small Animal Ophthalmology, 4th Edition. Saunders, 2009

u. dermatitis disease of Belgian Landrace sows; lesions occur on the ear margins, anterior aspects of the limbs and around the teats; the cause is unknown.

u. dermatosis an infectious ulceration of the skin of the lips, feet, legs and external genitalia of sheep, of uncertain etiology, caused possibly by a paravaccinia virus. The lesions are ulcerative and destructive but the disease is not fatal and the morbidity rate is not high.

u. enteritis see ulcerative enteritis.

u. gingivitis see necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.

u. glossitis, u. stomatitis in cats, a proliferative inflammation and ulceration of the oral cavity, particularly gum margins and mucosa at the fauces, a common disease of old cats characterized by painful ulcers at the fauces and surrounding tissues including the tongue. The cause is not known.

u. granuloma of swine an infectious disease of pigs caused by Borrelia suilla (unofficial nomenclature), and manifested by large, deep, ulcerative lesions on any part of the body. On the face they may cause destruction of the cheeks. The portal of infection is skin wounds and spread of the disease is enhanced by fighting in the group. Called also necrotic ulcer.

infectious bovine u. stomatitis an innocuous stomatitis of calves of unknown cause occurring in outbreak form but recorded rarely and not in recent years.

u. keratitis see corneal ulcer.

u. lymphangitis see ulcerative lymphangitis.

u. mammillitis see bovine herpes mammillitis.

u. pododermatosis see ulcerative pododermatitis.

u. posthitis occurs sporadically in rams and bulls and as part of ulcerative dermatosis in rams.

u. shell disease see shell rot.

u. stomatitis 1. several virus infections cause oral ulcers in calves without any other clinical illness unless the calves are stressed, especially with hyperkeratosis caused by secondary nutritional deficiency of vitamin A. 2. outbreaks in horses are caused by grass with bristly seedheads and pasture infestedwith bristly caterpillars.

U-2: (A) Ulcerative dermatosis of the penis in a ram. (B) Ulcerative dermatosis on the vulva of a ewe

u. vulvitis of ewes, see ulcerative dermatosis (above).

ulcerogangrenous [ul″sr-o-gang’r–ns] characterized by both ulceration and gangrene.

ulcerogenic [ul″sr-o-jen’ik] causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers.

ulcerous [ul’sr–s] 1. of the nature of an ulcer. 2. affected with ulceration.

ulcus [ul’ks] pl. ulcera [L.] ulcer.

-ule suffix meaning a small.

ulectomy [u-lek’t–me] 1. excision of scar tissue. 2. excision of the gingiva; gingivectomy.

Ulex europaeus a weedy shrub; member of the family Fabaceae; sometimes used as feed in times of shortage; contains cytisine as the main quinolizidine alkaloid and ulexine, a nerve and muscle poison, but seldom causes poisoning. Called also furze, gorse.

ulitis inflammation of the gums.

ulna [ul’n] together with the radius, forms the skeleton of the forearm. See Table 10.

ulnad [ul’nad] toward the ulna.

ulnar [ul’nr] pertaining to the ulna; the medial aspect of the upper forelimb, as opposed to the radial or lateral aspect.

congenital lateral rotation of the u. seen in puppies from one to five months of age; they stand with the elbow flexed and the forearm markedly pronated.

cutaneous u. vein in birds, a venipuncture site.

u. nerve block see ulnar block.

u. nerve injury results in extension of the carpus, a ‘dropped’ carpus.

ulnaris [l-na’ris] [L.] ulnar.

ulnocarpal [ul″no-kahr’pl] pertaining to the ulna and carpus.

ulnoradial [ul″no-ra’de–l] pertaining to the ulna and radius.

ulocace ulceration of the gums.

uloglossitis inflammation of the gums and tongue; gingivoglossitis.

uloncus swelling of the gums.

ulorrhagia a sudden discharge of blood from the gums.

ulotomy [u-lot’–me] 1. incision of scar tissue. 2. incision of the gums.

ultimobranchial [ul″t–mo-brang’ke–l] pertaining to the tissue originating from the fifth pharyngeal pouch of the embryo.

u. body the glandular tissue originating from the fifth branchial pouch which combines with the buccal cavity outgrowth to form the thyroid and contributes calcitonin-secreting cells to the gland.

u. duct cysts derived from remnants of the ultimobranchial body and found in the thyroid gland.

u. tumor a neoplasm containing thyroid C cells.

ultra- word element. [L.] beyond, excess.

ultracentrifugation [ul″tr–sn-trif″u-ga’shn] subjection of material to a very high centrifugal force (up to 200 000 times the force of gravity), which will separate and sediment the molecules of a substance or subcellular components.

ultracentrifuge [ul″tr–sen’tr–fūj] the centrifuge used in ultracentrifugation.

ultradian [ul″tr–de’n] pertaining to a period of less than 24 hours; applied to the rhythmic repetition of certain phenomena in living organisms occurring in cycles of less than a day (ultradian rhythm).

ultrafilter [ul″tr–fil’tr] the filter used in ultrafiltration.

ultrafiltrate [ul″tr–fil’trāt] substances which pass through an ultrafilter, i.e. a semipermeable membrane through which the filtrate passes under pressure.

ultrafiltration [ul″tr–fil-tra’shn] filtration through a filter capable of removing colloidal particles from a dispersion medium, as in the filtration of plasma at the capillary membrane.

ultraheat heating to a very high temperature for a very brief period.

u. treated milk milk heated at 175–200°F (79–93°C) for a few seconds.

ultramicroscopic [ul″tr–mi″kro-skop’ik] too small to be seen with the ordinary light microscope.

ultrasonic [ul″tr–son’ik] beyond the audible range; relating to sound waves having a frequency of more than 20 000 cycles per second

u. cleaning surgical instruments can be thoroughly cleaned by the use of ultrasonic waves which cause the formation of minute gas bubbles which, when they collapse, form shock waves.

u. heating the use of ultrasound for producing localized hyperthermia.

u. pregnancy diagnosis see ultrasonography.

u. tooth scaling the use of vibrations to remove supragingival calculus. See also ultrasonic scaler.

ultrasonics that part of the science of acoustics dealing with the frequency range beyond the upper limit of perception by the human ear (above 20 000 cycles per second), but usually restricted to frequencies above 50 000 hz. Ultrasonic radiation is injurious to tissues because of its thermal effects when absorbed by living matter, but in controlled doses it is used therapeutically to selectively break down pathological tissues, as in treatment of arthritis and lesions of the nervous system, and also as a diagnostic aid by visually displaying echoes received from irradiated tissues, as in echocardiography and echoencephalography. See also ultrasonography.

ultrasonogram [ul″tr–son’o-gram] the record obtained by ultrasonography.

ultrasonography [ul″tr–s–nog’r–fe] an imaging technique in which deep structures of the body are visualized by recording the reflections (echoes) of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Frequencies in the range of 1 000 000–10 000 000 hz are used in diagnostic ultrasonography. The lower frequencies provide a greater depth of penetration and are used to examine abdominal organs; those in the upper range provide less penetration and are used predominantly to examine more superficial structures such as the eye. The basic principle of ultrasonography is the same as that of depth-sounding in oceanographic studies of the ocean floor. The ultrasonic waves are confined to a narrow beam that may be transmitted through, refracted, absorbed, or reflected by the medium toward which they are directed, depending on the nature of the surface they strike. In diagnostic ultrasonography the ultrasonic waves are produced by electrically stimulating a piezoelectric crystal called a transducer. As the beam strikes an interface or boundary between tissues of varying acoustic impedance (e.g. muscle and blood) some of the sound waves are reflected back to the transducer as echoes. The echoes are then converted into electrical impulses that are displayed on an oscilloscope, presenting a ‘picture’ of the tissues under examination. Ultrasonography can be utilized in examination of the heart (echocardiography) and in identifying size and structural changes in organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. It is, therefore, of value in identifying and distinguishing cancers and benign cysts. The technique also may be used to evaluate tumors and foreign bodies of the eye, and to demonstrate retinal detachment. Ultrasonography is not, however, of much value in examination of the lungs because ultrasound waves do not pass through structures that contain air. A particularly important use of ultrasonography is in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. It is a fast, relatively safe, and reliable technique for diagnosing pregnancy, and for detecting some typical fetal anomalies.

A-mode u. (amplitude modulation) that in which on the cathoderay tube (CRT) display one axis represents the time required for the return of the echo and the other corresponds to the strength of the echo, as in echoencephalography.

B-mode u. (brightness modulation) that in which the position of a spot on the CRT display corresponds to the time elapsed (and thus to the position of the echogenic surface) and the brightness of the spot to the strength of the echo; movement of the transducer produces a sweep of the ultrasound beam and a tomographic scan of a cross-section of the body.

Doppler u. see Doppler ultrasound.

endoscopic u. a high resolution ultrasound transducer, mounted on a flexible endoscope, can be used to gain images from within a hollow organ, such as the gastrointestinal tract. This overcomes some of the problems ingesta and fecal material cause in other methods of ultrasound examination.

gray-scale u. B-mode ultrasonography in which the strength of echoes is indicated by a proportional brightness of the displayed dots.

U-3: Parasagittal ultrasound image of the caudal abdomen of a dog with pyometra. Note the enlarged, fluid-filled uterus (arrows). From Fossum TW, Small Animal Surgery, 3rd Edition. Mosby, 2007

harmonic mode u. sonograms are generated from an ultrasound frequency that is twice the megahertz of the transmitted frequency of the transducer.

M-mode u. (motion mode) a type of B-mode ultrasonography in which spots on the CRT display produce a tracing of the motion of echogenic objects. Used in echocardiography.

real-time u. B-mode ultrasonography using an array of detectors so that scans can be made electronically at a rate of 30 frames a second, thus giving a true display of motion, such as that of the heart.

ultrasound [ul’tr–sound] mechanical radiant energy of a frequency greater than 20 000 cycles per second; used in veterinary medicine in the technique of ultrasonography. See also Doppler ultrasound.

u. artifacts see artifact.

therapeutic u. absorption of ultrasound waves produces thermal effects in soft tissue, primarily connective tissue, and stimulate cell membranes to enhance repair from the effects of inflammation; used in physical therapy. Also used in extracorporeal lithotripsy.

ultrastructure [ul’tr–struk″chr] the structure visible under the electron microscope.

ultraviolet [ul″tr–vi’–lt] denoting electromagnetic radiation of wavelength shorter than that of the violet end of the spectrum, having wavelengths of 4–400 nm.

u. antisepsis because ultraviolet rays are capable of killing bacteria and other microorganisms, they are sometimes utilized in specially designed cabinets to sterilize objects, and may also be used to sterilize the air in operating rooms and other areas where destruction of bacteria is necessary.

u. irradiation the projection of ultraviolet light from a generator is used for the treatment of skin disease and for sterilization of materials.

u. rays electromagnetic radiation beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum (at 0.39–0.18 μm wavelength) and therefore not visible to humans. They are produced by the sun but are absorbed to a large extent by particles of dust and smoke in the earth’s atmosphere. They are also produced by the so-called sun lamps. Ultraviolet rays can produce sun-burning and affect skin pigmentation. When they strike the skin surface, these rays transform provitamin D, secreted by the glands of the skin, into vitamin D, which is then absorbed into the body.

u. therapy the employment of ultraviolet radiation in the treatment of various diseases, particularly those affecting the skin, is used in humans, but not commonly employed in veterinary medicine.

umbilical [m-bil’–kl] pertaining to the umbilicus.

u. abscess see urachal abscess.

u. clamp 1. used in calves and foals for the closed method of herniorrhaphy. Consists of two lightweight bars that can be screwed together very tightly. The herniated gut is evacuated from the hernia and the clamp applied to as much of the hernia pouch as can be included. The tissue beyond the clamp sloughs and the clamp can be removed. 2. a plastic clamp used to seal the umbilicus that may be prone to hemorrhage due to premature cutting or tearing of the umbilical cord.

u. cord the structure connecting the fetus and placenta, and containing the channels through which fetal blood passes to and from the placenta. It typically contains two umbilical arteries and one or two umbilical veins (that is always reduced to a single vein within the fetus) and an allantoic stalk, all embedded in ajelly rich in hyaluronan (Wharton’s jelly). The cord also contains the urachus, the tubular structure connecting the fetal bladder with the allantois. In pigs and ruminants the cord is coated with amniotic epithelium; in horses, the proximal two thirds is also covered in amniotic epithelium whereas the distal third is coated in allantoic endoderm. During early fetal life the cord also contains remnants of the yolk sac.

U-4: Umbilical hernia in a foal. From Knottenbelt DC, Pascoe RR, Diseases and Disorders of the Horse. Saunders, 2003.

u. cord inflammation see omphalitis, funisitis.

u. diverticulum an evagination of the bowel wall at the vestigial point of attachment of the yolk sac. Called also Meckel’s diverticulum.

u. gas gangrene umbilicus infected with Clostridium septicum, C. oedematiens.

u. hemorrhage a specific syndrome in newborn piglets. Bleeding from fleshy navel, also from ear notching, causes fatal anemia. The cause is unknown.

u. hernia protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at the umbilicus, the defect in the abdominal wall and protruding contents covered with normal skin and subcutaneous tissue. The soft swelling at the umbilicus may be reducible into the abdomen through a palpable ring. Small hernias can contain only a small amount of fat and not be reducible. Occurs sporadically in all species and is inherited in cattle and some dogs. May accompany omphalitis.

u. hernia strangulation the intestinal loop in the hernia becomes incarcerated with its lumen occluded and its blood supply compromised.

u. inflammation see omphalitis.

u. occlusion as when the umbilical cord is trapped between the fetus and the wall of the birth canal, causing loss of the fetal blood supply.

u. sinus created by persistence of only the distal end of the intraembryonic allantoic stalk at the umbilicus.

u. tape cotton tape, about 0.5 inch, with two selvedge edges. Used to tie off an umbilicus in calves and foals.

u. twisting twisting of the umbilical cord is normal but long cords in foals may have excessive and sufficient twisting, more than 12 twists of different size with vascular constriction, hemorrhage and edema of the cord, to result in fetal anoxia and death. Called also umbilical cord torsion. Excessively long umbilical cords may entrap the fetal extremities or fetal trunk.

u. vein one of a pair of veins which return oxygenated blood from the placenta through the umbilical cord to the fetus usually via the ductus venosus and thence to the heart. In some species the right umbilical vein is lost and in all species only one vein persists within the fetus. After birth the intra-abdominal part of the vessel shrivels to form the round ligament of the liver. The vessel is unusual for a vein in its ability to continue to contract rhythmically for a short period after birth, thereby pumping precious blood back from the placenta to the fetus.

u. vein infection see omphalophlebitis.

u. vein abscess residual after subsidence of acute omphalophlebitis.

umbilicated [m-bil’–kāt″d] marked by depressed spots resembling the umbilicus.

umbilication [m-bil″–ka’shn] a depression, usually central. In nodular neoplasms is an indication of malignancy, since these tend to undergo central necrosis.

umbilicus [m-bil’–ks] the scar marking the site of entry of the umbilical cord in the fetus; called also navel. It is usually only depressed in the human abdomen and is inconspicuous in most domestic species. In dogs it is a palpable knot advertised by a convergent whorl of hair.

U-5: Fresh abortion with twisting, edema and hemorrhage of the umbilical cord in a foal. From McAuliffe SB, Slovis NM, Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal. Saunders, 2008.

feather u. see feather (1).

Umbilicus rupestris Cotyledon umbilicus.

umbo [um’bo] pl. umbones [L.] a round projection.

u. membrana tympanae the slight projection at the center of the outer surface of the tympanic membrane.

umbrella tree Jatropha multifida, Schefflera actinophylla.

umbu Phytolacca dioica.

UMN upper motor neuron.

UMP uridine 5’-monophosphate, a pyrimidine nucleotide.

UMP synthase deficiency see DUMPS.

unbound said of electrolytes, e.g. iron and calcium, and other substances which are circulating in the bloodstream and are not bound to plasma proteins so that they are available immediately for metabolic processes. See also calcium, iron.

unciform [un’s–form] hooked or shaped like a hook.

Uncinaria a genus of canine hookworms in the order Strongylida, suborder Ancylostomatoidea.

U. criniformis occurs in the badger and fox.

U. hamiltoni, U. lucasi found in the fur seal.

U. stenocephala the common species in the dog, cat and fox.

U. yukonensis found in all ursids.

uncinariasis [un″sin––ri’–sis] the disease caused by Uncinaria in cats and dogs. Similar to, but less severe than ancylostomiasis, with only mild blood loss and enteritis. Larval migration causes pedal dermatitis.

uncinate [un’s–nāt] 1. unciform. 2. relating to or affecting the uncinate gyrus.

uncipressure [un’s–presh″r] pressure with a hook to stop hemorrhage.

unclassified viruses a diminishingly small number of viruses remain unclassified.

uncoating the removal of protein coat or envelope from a virus, one of the first steps in replication which releases the viral genome and enables viral genes to become available for transcription.

uncompetitive inhibition type of enzyme inhibition in which the inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex, but not the free enzyme; characterized by decreases in both K_M and V_max.

unconscious [n-kon’shs] insensible; incapable of responding to sensory stimuli and of having subjective experiences.

unconsciousness an abnormal state of lack of response to sensory stimuli, resulting from injury, illness, shock or some other bodily disorder. A brief loss of unconsciousness from which the animal recovers spontaneously or with slight aid is called fainting. Deep, prolonged unconsciousness is known as coma. See also levels of consciousness.

uncoupler an agent that dissociates oxidation via the electron transport chain from the formation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation by collapsing the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

uncoupling protein-1 uncoupling protein found in mitochondria in brown adipose tissue; generates heat by non-shivering thermogenesis, the main mechanism by which heat is produced in hibernation and in human infants. Called also thermogenin.

uncovertebral [ung″ko-ver’t–brl] pertaining to the uncinate processes of a vertebra.

u. joints small synovial joints between the cranial surfaces of cervical vertebrae 3-7 and the corresponding caudal surfaces of the preceding vertebra. Well developed in the human neck, in kangaroos and in animals with clavicles. Called also Luschka’s joints.

unction [ungk’shn] 1. an ointment. 2. application of an ointment or salve; inunction.

unctuous [ungk’choo–s] greasy or oily.

uncus [ung’ks] the medially curved anterior part of the hippocampal gyrus.

undecylenate see undecylenic acid.

undecylenic acid [un″des–l-en’ik] an unsaturated fatty acid, used topically, in ointment or powder form, as an antifungal agent; toxic reactions are rare.

Under 30 months rule referred to the ability to market cattle aged under 30 months-of-age from herds at-risk for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Rule based on studies where experimental challenge with bovine BSE- infected brain showed no infectivity in edible tissues (non SBO/SRM) of calves prior to 30 months.

undercoat the fine hairs of an animal’s coat which are usually shorter and more numerous than the coarse guard hairs. In some breeds of dogs and cats, however, these may predominate.

undercut [un’dr-kt] in the preparation of a tooth cavity for restoration, a cavity under the edges of the opening which is intended to aid in retention of a filling.

underdevelopment [un’dr-de-vel’p-mnt] an error in X-ray film developing procedure. Causes the production of a flat film with poor contrast; the unexposed background is gray instead of black.

underfeeding see malnutrition, starvation.

underflue the soft, fluffy part of a feather, next to the skin. Called also flue.

underline an animal’s ventral profile; the shape of the belly when viewed from the side, e.g. pendulous, pot-belly, tucked up, gaunt.

undermilking removal of the teat cups before all the milk has been taken from an udder. In a dairy cow which is milked twice daily no more than approximately 500 mL or l pint of milk should be left in the udder at the end of milking. Undermilking predisposes to mastitis.

undernutrition [un″dr-noo-trish’n] see malnutrition, starvation.

underreach a gait defect at the trot; the toe of the foreshoe strikes and wears away the front of the hind hoof on the same side.

undershot the mandible is longer than the maxilla so that the lower incisors are forward of the upper incisors and there is no contact between them when the mouth is closed. A common abnormality in dogs and regarded as a normal feature in some breeds such as the Bulldog.

undersized see dwarfism, runt.

underwater treadmill used in rehabilitation or physical therapy to expedite return to full function of joint or limb; provides reduced weight bearing which enables greater functional use while improving muscle strength.

undescended testis see cryptorchidism.

undifferentiated [n-dif″r-en’she-āt–d] not differentiated; primitive. 1. in neoplasia refers to a primitive cell type and likely to be malignant. 2. In clinical medicine refers to a group diagnosis in which there is no differentiation from the pathoanatomical diagnosis, e.g. failure to take the additional step of differentiating between a diagnosis of diarrhea and the etiologically specific diagnosis, e.g. Escherichia coli. See also undifferentiated diarrhea of the newborn.

U-6: Undershot jaw

u. chronic diarrhea chronic diarrhea in horses which does not satisfy the diagnostic criteria for any of the known causes of that condition; most cases are irreversible and euthanasia is a common outcome.

u. chronic pneumonia see enzootic pneumonia.

undulant fever [un’dy–lnt] brucellosis of humans.

undulating membrane a fold of the protozoa’s cell membrane formed when the flagellum of the protozoa beats and pulls up the membrane along the full length of the parasite’s cell body.

undulation [un″dy–la’shn] a wavelike motion in any medium; a vibration.

unethical said of conduct not conforming with professional ethics.

uneviscerated a term used to describe poultry and small game which are sold or hung without having the viscera removed, e.g. New York dressed poultry. The movement of bacteria and enzymes from the gut aids in the tenderizing of the meat and adds a new dimension to the flavor. Not suited to tropical climates nor uneducated palates.

unfavorable therapeutic response see adverse response.

unfit not properly prepared, e.g. physically incapable of performing hard work as in racing, because of lack of training. Said also of food prepared unhygienically.

u. for human consumption meat or other food considered by a qualified food inspector to be unsuited for entry into the human food chain because of the presence of disease, immaturity, physical damage, emaciation, edema, contamination by gut contents or unauthorized additives or being meat of another, unauthorized species, or meat that has not undergone approved inspection by health authorities.

ung. [L.] unguentum (ointment).

ungual [ung’gwl] pertaining to the nails, claws or hooves. u. crest a crescent-shaped process on the distal phalanx, encircling the corium of the nail or claw, best developed in cats, especially the big cats where it protects the growing matrix.

unguent [ung’gwnt] an ointment.

unguentum [ng-gwen’tm] pl. unguenta [L.] ointment.

unguicula claw or nail.

unguiculate [ng-gwik’u-lāt] having claws; clawlike.

unguilysis necrosis and dissolution of the claw or hoof as in equine canker.

unguinal pertaining to a nail.

unguis [ung’gwis] pl. ungues [L.] a nail. See also claw, nail.

ungula [ung’gu-l] hoof.

ungulates, ungulata [ung’gu-lāt] the hooved mammals. They comprise primarily 1. the odd-toed ungulates, the Perissodactyla (Equidae, 10 species of horses, asses and zebras; the Rhinocerotidae, 5 species of rhino; and the Tapiridae, 5 species of tapir, and 2. the larger group of even-toed ungulates or Artiodactyla made up of 16 species of Suids (pigs and warthogs) and the large sub-order of Ruminantia, made up of 49 species of deer (Cervidae), 135 species of Bovidae (cattle, sheep and goats) and several others (hippos, giraffes, camels, etc.

unguligrade [ung’gu-l–grād″] the stance of an ungulate; the disposition of standing on hooves. The ultimate running gait. See also digitigrade.

uni- word element. [L.] one.

uniaxial [u″ne-ak’se–l] 1. having only one axis. 2. developed in an axial direction only.

unicameral [u″n–kam’r–l] having only one cavity or compartment, e.g. unicameral cyst.

unicellular [u″n–sel’u-lr] made up of a single cell, as the bacteria or protozoa.

uniform basic data set see minimum data set.

uniglandular [u″n–glan’du-lr] affecting only one gland.

unigravida [u″n–grav’–d] a female pregnant for the first time; primigravida; gravida I.

unilocular [u″n–lok’u-lr] having only one loculus or compartment; monolocular.

uninucleated [u″n–noo’kle-āt″d] mononuclear.

uniocular [u″ne-ok’u-lr] monocular.

union [ūn’yn] the growing together of tissues separated by injury, as of the ends of a fractured bone, or of the edges of a wound.

uniovular [u″ne-ov’u-lr] monovular, monozygotic.

unipara [u-nip’–r] a female which has had one pregnancy that resulted in a viable infant; primipara; para I.

uniparous [u-nip’–rs] 1. producing only one ovum or offspring at a time. 2. primiparous.

unipolar [u″n–po’lr] having a single pole or process, as a nerve cell.

unipotent, unipotential [u-nip’–tnt, u″n–po-ten’shl] having only one power, as giving rise to cells of one order only.

unit [u’nit] 1. a single thing; one segment of a whole that is made up of identical or similar segments. 2. a specifically defined amount of anything subject to measurement, as of activity, dimension, velocity, volume, or the like.

atomic mass u. see Dalton.

International u. 1. see SI units. 2. a unit of enzyme activity equal to the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of one micromole of substrate or coenzyme per minute under specified conditions (temperature, pH and substrate concentration) of the assay method. Abbreviated U. 3. any of several arbitrary units that have been adopted by international bodies to express the quantities of certain vitamins (A, C, D and thiamine hydrochloride), hormones (androgen, chorionic gonadotropin, estradiol benzoate, estrone, insulin, progesterone and prolactin), and drugs (digitalis and penicillin).

SI u. any unit of the International System of units (the metric system). See SI units.

unitary [u’n–tar″e] pertaining to a single object or individual.

United States Adopted Name (USAN) the nonproprietary name assigned to pharmaceuticals in the USA by the USAN Council

United States Dispensatory an unofficial publication providing an international listing of existing and discontinued drugs.

United States National Formulary (USNF) a book of standards for certain pharmaceuticals and preparations not included in the United States Pharmacopeia; revised every 5 years and recognized as a book of official standards by the United States Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. Also abbreviated NF.

United States Pharmacopeia (USP) a legally recognized compendium of standards for drugs, published by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., and revised periodically. It also includes assays and tests for determination of strength, quality and purity.

unitocous giving birth to a single young at one time.

univalent [u″n–va’lnt] having a valence of one.

Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) a scientific and technical animal welfare organization, established originally as the University of London Animal Welfare Society. It aims to improve the welfare of animals kept as pets, in zoos, laboratories, on farms and of wild animals. It funds research, advises governments and produces publications on animal welfare, in particular the UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals.

University of Illinois needle a rugged needle assembly for aspiration of a sample of bone marrow. The needle is advanced into the sternum by a screw device into which the needle and its lock-in stylus is fitted. The needle hub has a syringe fitting to which a syringe can be fitted to aspirate the marrow.

unmyelinated [n-mi’–l–nāt″d] not having a myelin sheath.

Unopette system a commercial method for diluting blood in preparation for counting blood cells. It utilizes a premeasured volume of diluent in a chamber into which a specified amount of blood is drawn.

unpacking lay term for parturition in camelids

unphysiological not in harmony with the laws of physiology.

unsaturated [n-sach’–rāt″d] 1. not having all affinities of its elements satisfied (unsaturated compound). 2. not holding all of a solute which can be held in solution by the solvent (unsaturated solution). 3. denoting compounds in which two or more atoms are united by double or triple bonds.

u. fatty acids see fatty acid.

unsex to deprive of the gonads.

unsharpness [n-shahrp’nis] lack of detail in an X-ray picture.

unslaked lime see quicklime.

unsound said of an animal, usually a horse, which has been examined for soundness and found to be unsatisfactory.

unstriated [n-stri’āt–d] having no striations, as smooth muscle.

unthriftiness [n-thrif’te-nis] failure to grow or to put on weight as well as expected in the presence of adequate quantity and quality of feed, and in the absence of overt clinical signs of illness. Called also illthrift. See also weaner illthrift.

post-weaning u. occurs in young animals that are weaned at too young an age or without being weaned onto a suitable transitional diet.

selenium-responsive u. a condition seen in marginally deficient areas; affected ewes respond well in terms of body weight and milk yield to supplemental selenium although their clinicopathological indicants are in the normal range.

unthrifty weaner sheep see weaner illthrift.

ununbium (Uub) a temporary name for a chemical element, atomic number 112, atomic weight 285. See Table 4.

ununhexium (Uuh) a temporary name for a chemical element, atomic number 116, atomic weight 293. See Table 4.

ununited a failure of union or closure, said of the union that occurs between an epiphysis and diaphysis.

u. medial coronoid process see fragmented coronoid process.

ununoctium (Uuo) a temporary name for a chemical element, atomic number 118, atomic weight 294. See Table 4.

ununpentium (Uup) a temporary name for a synthetic chemical element, atomic number 115, atomic weight 288. See Table 4.

ununquadium (Uuq) a temporary name of a radioactive chemical element, atomic number 114, atomic weight 289. See Table 4.

ununseptium (Uus) a temporary name of an undiscovered chemical element, atomic number 117, atomic weight is 294. See Table 4.

ununtrium (Uut) a temporary name for a synthetic chemical element, atomic number 113, atomic weight 284. See Table 4.

UPC urine protein:creatinine ratio.

upper a term to avoid because of its ambiguity when transcribed from human anatomy; it usually means either cranial, oral, or rostral, but it can simply mean ’dorsal’.

upper burner in traditional Chinese medicine, the thoracic cavity; associated with respiration.

u. b. syndrome in acupuncture terminology a chronic lung condition caused by an attack by a pathogen.

upright said of limb joints and bones, especially in the horse. Indicates a lack of angulation in the joint, e.g. upright hock, or slope in a bone, e.g. upright pastern. In horses, often associated with a bumpy ride and a tendency to joint injury and lameness.

upsilon [up’si-lon] twentieth letter in the Greek alphabet, ϒ or υ.

upstream [up’strēm] a term used in molecular biology to describe nucleotides of a nucleic acid molecule which lie in the 5’ direction from a particular reference point such as the site of initiation of transcription. See also downstream.

u. activating site DNA sequences that are upstream from the promoter and have a regulatory role in transcription.

Ura uracil.

urachal [u’r–kl] pertaining to urachus.

u. abscess a mass palpable in the abdomen dorsal to the umbilicus to which it is usually connected by a fistula that drips pus continually.

u. cyst symptomless fluid-filled cavities in the urachal remnant.

u. diverticulum visible with contrast radiography as an extension of the bladder at the vertex. See also vesicourachal diverticulum.

u. inflammation usually results from an extensive infection of the umbilicus. The urachus may or may not be pervious. Cystitis or urachal abscess may follow.

persistent u. ligament maintains tension on the bladder leading to incomplete filling and emptying. The elongated bladder with a pointed vertex is readily visible radiologically.

U-7: Patent urachus in colt foal. Urine can be seen flowing from both the penis and the urachus simultaneously. From McAuliffe SB, Slovis NM, Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal. Saunders, 2008

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Tags: Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary

Jul 18, 2016 | Posted by admin in PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS | Comments Off

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