T

T symbol, tesla; tera-; (absolute) temperature; thymine.

T₁ in magnetic resonance imaging, a time constant; called also spin-lattice relaxation time.

T₁ recovery the time taken for about 63% of the original longitudinal tissue magnetization to recover after termination of an external radiofrequency pulse. T₁ recovery times vary between different soft tissues. Fat has a shorter T₁, central nervous system tissue is intermediate and water, such as cerebrospinal fluid, has a longer T₁ recovery time. By using a short time delay between energtizing radiofrequency pulses, these tissue differences can be emphasized.

T₁ weighted scans achieved by setting shorter time intervals between excitation radiofrequency pulses and shorter time to receive the peak echo signal than for other MRI scans. Fat is bright, soft tissues are displayed as varous shades of gray, and cerebrospinal fluid, tendons, ligaments, air and cortical bone are dark. Gadolinium contrast agent is bright.

T₂ in magnetic resonance imaging, a time constant for the transverse tissue magnetization to decrease to 37% of the prior level. Called also spin-spin relaxation time.

T₂ decay occurs after termination of an external radiofrequency field. There is a rapid loss in uniformity of proton spin rates. The radiofrequency signal decay rate varies between tissues. The proportional signal intensity increases from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) over time as the rate of signal decay is slower for CSF than surrounding soft tissues.

T₂ weighted scan achieved by using a longer time to receive the peak echo signal and longer intervals between excitation radiofrequency pulses than for other MRI scans. Fluids are bright, soft tissues are displayed as various shades of gray, and tendons, ligaments, air and cortical bone are dark.

T₂ toxin a trichothecene toxin (a secondary toxic metabolite) produced by a number of Fusarium spp. fungi including F. tricinctum growing on stored grain, usually corn. The toxin affects rapidly dividing cells, thereby causing necrosis of skin and of cells lining the alimentary tract, lymphoid and hemopoietic tissues. This may result in panleukopenia and defective blood clotting. The toxin is also a teratogen and causes stillbirth, abortion and fetal abnormalities. Clinical signs include feed refusal and vomiting in species that can vomit. Called also moldy corn disease. See also trichothecene.

T₃ tri-iodothyronine.

T₄ thyroxine.

free T₄ see free thyroxine.

tT₄ see total thyroxine.

T₇ free thyroxine (T₄) index.

T₁₂ a value derived by multiplying the value for T₄ by the value for T₃ expressed as RT₃U (resin T₃ uptake).

T_m tubular maximum (of the kidneys); used in reporting kidney function studies, with inferior letters representing the substance used in the test, as T_mPAH (tubular maximum for paraaminohippuric acid).

T_max the time after administration of a drug when the maximum plasma concentration is reached; when the rate of absorption equals the rate of elimination.

2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid, a herbicide considered to be without toxicity hazard provided it is clear of the toxic contaminant dioxin.

T-1824 Evans blue dye.

t in genetics, symbol for translocation.

t_1/2 half-time.

t_{1/2 context} context-sensitive half-time.

θ theta, small letter; eighth letter in the Greek alphabet.

τ tau, small letter; ninetheenth letter in the Greek alphabet. Used to designate an interval of time.

TA toxin–antitoxin.

T antigen tumor antigen.

T banding a staining technique with Giemsa stain used in the preparation of karyotypes; stains the telomeres (ends) and the centromeres.

T cell see T lymphocyte.

T c. receptor antigen specific heterodimeric proteins, either αβ or γδ, present on the surface of T lymphocytes, the specificity of which is generated by somatic mutation and somatic recombination of a relatively small number of genes similar to that responsible for the generation of antibody diversity.

T conformational state deoxy (‘tense’) conformational form of hemoglobin.

T effector cell includes large granular lymphocyte, called also natural killer cell and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

T helper cell see helper lymphocyte.

T lymphocyte see T lymphocyte.

T tubule see transverse tubules.

t-PA tissue plasminogen activator.

t-distribution see t statistic.

t statistic, t distribution the statistical distribution of the ratio of the sample mean to its sample standard deviation for a normal random variable with zero mean. It is the basis of various t-tests used to make inferences about the mean of a normal variable.

t-strain mycoplasma see Ureaplasma.

t-test a test of statistical significance which uses a formula from which a t value is derived. The value is then compared with a set of t-distribution tables to see whether the null hypothesis should be rejected or not.

TA Terminologia Anatomica.

Ta chemical symbol, tantalum.

TAA tumor-associated antigen.

TAB a vaccine prepared from killed typhoid, paratyphoid A and paratyphoid B bacilli.

tabanid [tab’-nid] a fly of the family Tabanidae, including the genera Chrysops, Haematopota, Pangonia and Tabanus.

Tabanus [t-ba’ns] a genus of blood-sucking biting flies (horse flies, deer flies or march flies) in the family Tabanidae which transmit trypanosomes and anthrax to various animals and have a painful bite.

tabby genetically determined coat color patterns that occur in different cat breeds and in any coat type or colors. The four variations are: mackerel, with parallel vertical stripes on the body and rings around the tail and legs; classic or blotched, with thicker, horizontal stripes forming swirls; spotted, with spots instead of stripes; and ticked, with bands of color in individual hairs and an overall uniform appearance.

t. point see points.

tabes [ta’bēz] any wasting of the body; progressive atrophy of the body or a part of it.

tabescent [t-bes’nt] growing emaciated; wasting away.

tabetiform [t-bet’-form] resembling tabes.

tablature [tab’l-chr] separation of the chief cranial bones into inner and outer tables, separated by a diploë.

table [ta’bl] 1. a flat layer or surface, e.g. smooth surface on top of (occlusal surface of) teeth especially on the incisors of the horse, used in telling the age of the horse. 2. a collection of related records in a data base.

hydraulic t. used for surgery of large animals so it can be adjusted to the appropriate height and in some cases starting from floor level to accommodate animals anesthetized on the floor, then raised.

inner t. the inner compact layer of the bones covering the brain.

instrument t. used to arrange instruments for ready access by the surgeon and assistants. It often overhangs the surgery table.

outer t. the outer compact layer of the bones covering the brain.

restraint t. of different designs and size according to their purpose. Examples are restraint tables for hoof trimming of cattle and restraint tables for collecting semen from rams. The animal is stood next to the upright table and strapped to it, or placed in a cage, and the table is then moved to a horizontal position and further restraints applied.

statistical t. tables of values used in statistics, e.g. t-tables.

t. ties sterilizable nylon or cotton ropes that can be used to tie a recumbent, anesthetized dog or cat firmly to an operating table.

vitreous t. inner table.

table top technique a technique of radiography in which the use of a grid is unnecessary and the cassette can be moved about on the table top so that it is just below the part to be radiographed.

tablespoon [ta’bl-sp n] a household unit of volume or capacity; equivalent to three teaspoons or approximately 15 mL; in metric measurement, equal to 20 mL.

tablet [tab’lt] a solid dosage form containing a medicinal substance with or without a suitable diluent.

enteric-coated t. one coated with material that delays release of the medication until after it leaves the stomach.

t. triturate a small, loosely packed tablet to be dissolved in water immediately before injection, e.g. apomorphine.

tabula vitrea [tă’bu-l] inner layer of very dense bone in the bones of the cranium.

tabular [tab’u-lr] resembling a table.

Tacazzea African genus of the plant family Apocynaceae; may contain cardiac glycoside which causes abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatitis. Includes T. yototacolla.

tachogram [tak’o-gram] the graphic record produced by tachography.

tachography [t-kog’r-fe] the recording of the movement and speed of the blood current.

tachy- word element. [Gr.] rapid, swift.

tachyarrhythmia [tak″e--rith’me-] tachycardia associated with an irregularity in the normal heart rhythm. Includes atrial tachycardia, sinus tachycardia, premature ventricular contractions, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.

re-entrant t. one caused by a depolarization wave crossing areas of nonuniform conduction and excitability.

tachycardia [tak″-kahr’de-] abnormally rapid heart rate.

arrhythmic t. the heart rate is faster than normal, the rhythm is irregular; due usually to myocarditis.

atrial t. rapid contraction of the atrium arising from an ectopic focus in the atrium. The heart rate remains normal.

ectopic t. rapid heart action in response to impulses arising outside the sinoatrial node.

idioventricular t. one occurring as a compensation for a sinus bradycardia and A-V block.

junctional t. that arising in response to impulses originating in the atrioventricular junction, i.e. the atrioventricular node.

paroxysmal t. episodes of an abrupt and marked increase in heart rate in a resting patient, with an equally sudden return to normal.

sinus t., simple t. an increase in heart rate from heightened activity of the sinoatrial node, such as occurs with excitement or pain.

supraventricular t. a combination of junctional tachycardia and atrial tachycardia.

ventricular t. see ventricular tachycardia.

Tachygonetria a genus of oxyurid worms, in the superfamily Oxyuroidea, found in the large intestine of tortoises.

tachymeter [t-kim’-tr] an instrument for measuring rapidity of motion.

tachyphagia [tak″-fa’je-] rapid eating.

tachyphylaxis [tak″e-f-lak’sis] 1. rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract by previous injection of small doses of it. 2. rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses.

T-1 Sinus tachycardia in a dog.

From Ettinger SJ, Feldman E, Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th Edition. Saunders, 2004.

tachypnea [tak″ip-ne’; tak″e-ne’] very rapid respirations. The rate is fast and the depth shallow, as in heat stroke, because the initiating mechanism is hyperthermia and there is no hypercapnia.

tachypneic respiratory failure see respiratory failure.

tachysterol [tak-is’t-rol] an isomer of ergosterol, an antirachitic substance, produced by irradiaton of ergosterol.

tachyzoite [tak″-zo’īt] a fast multiplication stage of zoites in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum; found in tissues.

tack abbreviation for tackle; a horseman’s word for saddlery and gear generally.

tacrolimus [tak″ro-li’ms] an immunosuppressive agent used in allogenic organ transplant to reduce the risk of rejection. It is derived from Streptomyces tsukabaensis. It selectively binds FK-binding proteins and the complex inhibits calcineurin. There is a slightly increased risk of cutaneous carcinogensis when used topically on humans, rodents and monkeys. It is used topically in the treatment of inflammatory and immune-mediated skin diseases of dogs and cats.

tactical treatment treatment at times when the activities of a disease are at their worst, e.g. when diarrhea caused by Ostertagia spp. in cattle is most severe.

tactile [tak’til] pertaining to touch.

t. hair hairs particularly sensitive to touch. See also hair (1).

t. hair organ a group of vibrissae, such as the carpal organ of cats, made up of about four vibrissae on the medial surface of the forelimbs, sensitive to vibrations that probably assist cats while stalking their prey when placing their forelimbs between potentially noisy grass stems.

t. percussion a combination of touch and tap as in ballottement. The objective is to delineate the boundaries of a fetus or organ by a tap or thrust and allow the repelled organ to bounce back onto the fingers.

t. placing reaction, t. reflex see placing reflex.

t. receptors located in the skin most are connected to very fast, myelinated nerve fibers.

tactus [L.] touch.

tadpole edema virus see Ranavirus.

Taenia [te’ne-] a genus of cyclophyllidean tapeworms of the family Taeniidae. The adult tapeworm inhabits the intestine of carnivores, the larval stage (metacestode) invades the tissues of a variety of animals, in some cases humans. They cause some economic loss due to condemnation of offal, but their greatest importance is their zoogenetic potential, and the preoccupation of humans with the danger of becoming infected. Tapeworms and their hosts are listed below, but species whose intermediate hosts are unknown are: T. bubesi (lion), T. crocutae (spotted hyena), T. erythraea (black-backed jackal), T. gongamai and T. hlosei (lion and cheetah), T. lycaontis (hunting dog), T. regis (lion).

T. asiatica adult tapeworm in humans, larval stage (cysticercus) in pigs. Commonkly known as the Asian Taenia.

T. brauni adult tapeworms in dogs and jackals and the larval stage (coenurus) in rats, mice and porcupines. It is probably a subspecies of T. serialis.

T. crassiceps adult tapeworms in foxes and coyotes, the larval stage (cysticercus) in rodents.

T. hydatigena tapeworms in small intestine of dogs, wolves and wild Carnivora, and the larval stage, formerly known as Cysticercus tenuicollis, found in the sheep and other ruminants, and in pigs and occasionally primates.

T. hyenae tapeworms are in hyenas and the cysticerci in antelopes.

T. krabbei adult tapeworms are found in the dog and in wild carnivores and the larval cestode, formerly known as Cysticercus tarandi, in the muscles of wild ruminants, especially deer.

T. laticollis tapeworms found in carnivores and larval forms in rodents. Possibly a synonym for T. pisiformis.

T. macrocystis adult tapeworms in lynx and coyote, and the intermediate stage in snowshoe hares (lagomorphs).

T. martis the adult tapeworms in the marten and the cysticercus in the vole.

T. multiceps (syn. Multiceps multiceps) the adult tapeworms are found in the dog and wild canids, the larvae, formerly known as Coenurus cerebralis, in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and goat.

T. mustelae adult tapeworms in martens, weasels, otters, skunks, badgers and larval stages in voles and other rodents.

T. omissa adult tapeworms in the cougar and larvae in deer.

T. ovis adult tapeworms are found in dogs and wild carnivores and the larval stage, formerly known as Cysticercus ovis, in the skeletal and cardiac muscles of sheep and goats.

T. parva adult tapeworms in genets, larval stage in rodents.

T. pisiformis adult tapeworms found in small intestine of dog, fox, some wild carnivores, and very rarely in cats. The metacestode stage, formerly known as (Cysticercus pisiformis), found in lagomorphs, in the liver and peritoneal cavity.

T. polyacantha adults are in the intestine of foxes and the metacestodes in microtine rodents.

T. rileyi adult tapeworms found in lynx, larvae in rodents.

T. saginata adult tapeworms are intestinal parasites of humans, and the metacestode (Cysticercus bovis) in cattle and some wild ruminants. Cysticercosis (beef measles) is a significant cause of carcass condemnation in developed countries. Sources of infection include sewage, sludge and night soil deposited on pasture, irrigtation water containing sewage effluents used for crops fed to cattle, flooded streams containing sewage effluents, and human excreta spread with animal slurry or deposited in cattle feed troughs by impatient livestock attendants.

T. serialis the adult tapeworm is found in dogs and foxes and the metacestode, formerly known as Coenurus serialis, in the subcutaneous and intramuscular tissues of lagomorphs.

T. serrata see T. pisiformis (above).

T. solium the adults are found in the small intestine of humans and some apes, the metacestode, formerly known as Cysticercus cellulosae, in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of pigs and in the brain of humans.

T. taeniaeformis the adult is found in the small intestine of cats and other related carnivores and the metacestode, formerly known as Cysticercus fasciolaris, in the livers of rodents.

T. twitchelli adult tapeworms found in wolverines, larvae in lungs and pleural cavity of porcupines.

taenia [te’ne-] see tenia.

taeniacide [te’ne--sīd″] teniacide.

taeniafuge [te’ne--fūj″] teniafuge.

Taeniorhyncus the genus of mosquitoes.

tafes see Perralderia coronopifolia.

tag [tag] 1. a small appendage, flap or polyp. 2. label. See ear tag, tail tag. 3. broken or dung-covered wool.

cutaneous t. see fibrovascular papilloma.

radioactive t. a radioisotope that has been incorporated in a chemical compound.

Tagetes minuta African grass in the family Poaceae; its sharp awns cause subcutaneous abscesses, dermatitis especially of the lower limbs. Called also kakiebos.

tahr short-horned, Asian goat-antelopes in the subfamily Caprinae; also introduced into New Zealand for recreational hunting.

T-2 Egg of Taenia pisiformis.

From Hendrix CM, Robinson E, Diagnostic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians, 4^th Edition. Mosby, 2012.

Tahyna virus a virus of the California group of the genus Bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae, associated with the occurrence of encephalitis in humans and for which many domestic and wild animals act as reservoirs.

tail [tāl] the caudal terminal appendage of the vertebral column made up of the coccygeal vertebrae and their attendant tissues. See also cauda.

t. absence an inherited defect in cattle, cats and pigs, sometimes associated with other deformities of the vertebral column, atresia of the anus and urogenital system defects. See also Manx.

t. amputation see dock¹.

banged t. see bangtail.

t. biting a vice in pigs which bite each other’s tail because of boredom initially and then as a habit, causing blood loss and frequently local abscess formation or spinal cord abscess. In dogs, seen as a vice in association with tail chasing (see below). In caged mice may be attributable to crowding.

t. bleeding collection of blood from the ventral median coccygeal vein, e.g. in cattle; laboratory rodents are also bled from the ventral coccygeal artery or by amputation of the end of the tail.

bob t., bobbed t. see bobtail.

t. boot a leather sleeve that is wrapped around the butt of a horse’s tail, laced up, and secured to a harness by a retaining strap. Designed to protect the tail from wear while traveling. Nowadays bandaging is a more common method of protection.

t. brace a device for supporting the tail in an elevated position for extended periods of time, usually as an adjunct to a surgical procedure on the tail or in the perineal region, e.g. dogs after surgery for perianal fistulae and horses after ventral myotomy (‘nicking’).

t. carriage the way in which the tail is carried relative to the body. A high carriage of the butt of the tail with the hair streaming in the wind is the objective in show horses. See also nicking (2).

caudal t. fold see caudal tailfold.

t. cellulitis at the tail tip, a common sequel to unsanitary vaccination against pleuropneumonia; at the butt incidental to injury.

t. chasing an obsessive-compulsive behavior seen occasionally in dogs, particularly Bull terriers. The dog periodically lapses into episodes of chasing its tail. Most deliberately do not catch it, but those that do can cause serious self-trauma.

t. deformity most cases are sporadic but it is inherited as part of the inherited tail-absent syndrome in cattle and pigs.

t. elevation posture indicative of irritation in the vagina, e.g. after irrigation of cervix and uterus with Lugol’s iodine; tail held out from the body, plus rigidity, a sure indication of the presence of tetanus.

t. fold dermatitis see fold dermatitis.

t. gland an oval area of skin on the dorsal aspect of the tail in dogs centered at the level of the eighth coccygeal vertebrae which contains a large number of sebaceous and apocrine glands.

t. gland hyperplasia in dogs, a spongy enlargement with alopecia and scaling of the area, usually associated with hormonal disturbances, in which the apocrine gland segment is especially hyperplastic.

ingrown t. dogs with naturally short, kinked tails (corkscrew tails), e.g. British bulldogs and Pugs, may have deep skin folds surrounding the tail that are subject to moist dermatitis and secondary infection.

t. jack see tailing.

T-3 Tail gland in a dog.

limber t. a painful condition of the tailbase recognized in gundogs, mainly Labrador retrievers. Originally associated with hunting, but now known to occur under many different circumstances; believed to be a tendonitis or myositis associated with vigorous swimming or hyperextension of the tail from any cause. The affected dog holds the tailbase horizontally, away from the rump, with the remainder of the tail hanging limp, and is reluctant to sit. There is usually a speedy recovery. Called also frozen tail, rudder tail, cold water tail.

t. and mane dystrophy see mane and tail dystrophy.

otter t. in dogs, describes a thickly haired, medium length tail with a thick base tapering to a rounded end; seen in Labrador retrievers.

t. paint special paint applied to the tailhead of cows as a heat mount detection aid. When cows stand to be mounted the paint is rubbed off.

t. paralysis is characterized by a flaccid, anesthetized tail. Occurs with injury, myelitis or myelomalacia of caudal segments of the spinal cord.

t. pulse the pulse as felt in the ventral coccygeal artery in cattle. Best felt at the level of the tip of the vulva.

t. pyoderma equine staphylococcal folliculitis.

t. rigidity tail is stiff instead of its usual, whip-like in cattle, flexibility. Indicative of the presence of tetanus.

t. root where the tail joins the body.

t. setting see nicking (2).

t. skin dehiscence the skin of the tail in gerbils is thin and easily stripped with improper handling.

t. sore the early or mild lesions in a tail-biting problem of pigs.

t. stock first part of the tail, of a whale or dolphin, before it divides into the flukes.

t. switching movement of the tail, common in horses but also in cattle, from side to side, or dorsally and ventrally, with contact with the rump, usually in response to irritation by flies.

t. tag used extensively for the identification of cattle. Made of metal or plastic in sharply contrasting colors and with identifying marks or numbers and letters on them so that animals, owners and veterinarians can be easily identified. The tag is wrapped around the thinner, meaty part of the tail, just above the brush and fixed with one of several patented attachments. See also backtag.

tail s. a vice of cats, particularly Siamese, in which the tip of the tail is usually wet and becomes discolored.

t. tie see tail-hitch.

t. tip necrosis disease of confined cattle on slatted floors; caused by treading injury. Also occurs with ergot alkaloid ingestion in ruminants and with Salmonella dublin infection in calves.

t. tone complete absence indicative of good outcome of epidural anesthesia; occurrence spontaneously indicative of lesion to cauda equine, in cattle usually due to mounting injury caused by a heavy bull or cow.

t. worm equine staphylococcal dermatitis.

tail-hitch [tāl] a half-hitch applied to a horse’s tail, used in restraint for standing castration by pulling horse up on its toes to an overhead beam. Useful also in tying a cow’s tail out of the way and in applying traction to a calf in posterior presentation at a dystocia. Called also tail tie.

tail root eczema [tāl] itching, scaling, crusting, twitching of the tailhead in cows; responds to supplementary zinc in diet.

tailhead dorsal aspect of the root of the tail.

tailing 1. the restraint technique used in cattle; the butt of the tail is grasped with both hands and raised vertically as far as it will go without breaking. While the tail is in this position the animal is unlikely to kick and then only lightly. Called also tail jack, tail restraint, tail-hitch. 2. the addition in vitro of the same nucleotide by terminal transferase to the 3’-hydroxyl terminus of a doublestranded DNA molecule. Called also homopolymeric tailing.

taillessness see tail absence.

taint an unpleasant odor and flavor in a human foodstuff of animal origin. Caused by the ingestion of the substance, commonly a plant such as Melilotus indicus, or while in storage, e.g. milk stored with pineapples, or as a result of animal metabolism, e.g. boar taint.

cold store t. cut lean surfaces of chilled meat are covered with a brown slime and have a sour smell caused by growth of the bacteria Achromobacter spp.

T-4 Cow in the process of being restrained by tailing.

From Bassert JM, McCurnin DM, McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 7th Edition. Saunders, 2010.

musty t. an unpleasant odor in poultry meat from chickens raised on litter containing wood shavings. The odor is caused by chloroanisoles generated by bacterial action on wood preservatives in the shavings.

taipan [ti-pan’] highly venomous snakes in the genus Oxyuranus, found in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Envenomation of animals and humans is characterized by neurotoxicity and coagulopathy.

take-off 1. part of the horse’s jumping gait, the lifting of the forequarters off the ground and the thrust from the hindlegs at the beginning of the jump. 2. see automatic takeoff.

takin (Budorcas taxicolor) a medium-sized, Himalayan and East Asian goat-antelope with a thick, long, shaggy coat and curved horns. The national animal of Bhutan.

talampicillin [tal-amp″-sil’in] an antibiotic derived from ampicillin.

talapoin (Miopithecus spp.) the smallest of the Old World monkeys.

talc [talk] a naturally occurring hydrous magnesium silicate, sometimes with a small amount of aluminum silicate; used as a dusting powder. Called also talcum.

t. granulomatous peritonitis talc, or starch, spilled in the peritoneal cavity provokes the development of granuloma by e.g. the serous membrane.

talcosis [tal-ko’sis] a condition due to inhalation or implantation in the body of talc.

talcum [tal’km] talc, talcum powder.

Talfan disease see porcine viral encephalomyelitis.

talipes [tal’-pēz] see dactylomegaly.

tall higher than average.

t. Cape honeyflower Melianthus major.

t. chloris Chloris ventricosa.

t. delphinium Delphinium trolliifolium.

t. yellowtop Senecio magnificus.

Tallebudgera horse disease see Ageratina adenophora.

tallow natural, hard fat taken from cattle or sheep. It is used in prepared animal feeds to act as a binder and reduce dust. It has a high calorific value and is palatable to pigs and poultry.

tallow tree Chinese tallow tree; see Sapium sebiferum. Called also Chinese tallow wood.

Tallqvist method a very old method for estimation of the hemoglobin content of blood in which a drop of blood is absorbed onto white paper and compared with a color chart.

talocalcaneal joint [ta″lo-kal-ka’ne-l] see tarsal joints, Table 11.

talocalcanean [ta″lo-kal-ka’ne-n] pertaining to the talus and calcaneus.

talocalcaneocentral joint the joint between the talus and central tarsal bone; see also tarsal joints, Table 11.

talocrural [ta″lo-kroo’rl] tarsocrural.

talofibular [ta″lo-fib’u-lr] pertaining to the talus and fibula.

talonavicular [ta″lo-n-vik’u-lr] pertaining to the talus and navicular bone.

talus [ta’ls] the most proximal of the tarsal bones. Called also the tibial tarsal bone. See also Table 10.

tamandua (Tamandua spp.) nocturnal, arboreal anteater, native to Central and South America; they are distinguished by a cream to brown body and striking, black vest-like marking. Includes the northern tamandua (T. mexicana) and southern tamandua (T. tetrradactyla).

tamarin small, New World monkeys in the family Callitrichidae. Many species have a prominent mustache.

cotton-top t. (Saquinus oedipus) distinguished by a crest of long white hair that falls over the shoulders; an endangered species. A gold to orange, longhaired monkey; up to 20 inches long and up to 1 lb weight.

golden lion t. (Leontopithecus rosalia) a long gold to orange coat, darker around the face. An endangered species.

tamboril da campo see Enterolobium.

tameridone a purine alkyl piperidine derivative used to sedate cattle and wild ruminants.

Tamias striatus the genus of chipmunks.

Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein a normal product of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal renal tubules; may appear in many cortical tubules.

tampan [tam’pan] a tick; see Ornithodorus.

tampon [tam’pon] a pack, pad, or plug made of cotton, sponge or other material, variously used in surgery to plug the nose, vagina, etc., for the control of hemorrhage or the absorption of secretions.

tamponade [tam″pon-ād’ ] 1. surgical use of a tampon. 2. pathological compression of a part.

cardiac t. compression of the heart due to collection of fluid or blood in the pericardial sac. There is impaired cardiac filling resulting in decreased stroke volume and cardiac ouput and ultimately congestive heart failure. The heart shadow on radiography is enlarged, the heart sounds on auscultation are muffled. See also pericardial effusion.

Tamus communis [ta’ms] see Dioscorea communis.

Tamworth a golden-red, long faced, prick-eared bacon pig produced in the UK.

tan [tan] tanbark.

Tanacetum [tan″-se’tm] genus in the plant family Asteraceae; reported to be associated with abortion in cattle; includes T. axillare, T. parthenium (feverfew), T. vulgare (tansy).

Tanaecium exitosium South American member of the plant family Bignoniaceae; contains an unidentified toxin which causes cardiomyopathy, enteritis, frequent micturition in cattle.

Tanaisia a genus of flukes in the family Eucotylidae.

T. bragai found in the kidneys and ureters of chickens, turkeys and pigeons but is apparently without much pathogenic effect.

T. zarudnyi found in ruffed grouse.

tanapox [tan’-poks″] a poxvirus that infects African nonhuman primates, but may also cause disease in humans. Named after the Tana River Valley in Kenya.

tanbark dry shredded residue of the tree bark used in tanning leather. Springy and absorbent and is in demand as a surface for horses to work and exercise on or to stand on if they are sorefooted.

tangled hypericum Hypericum triquetrifolium.

tank [tank] an artificial receptacle for liquids.

horse flotation t. used to suspend horses with limb-bone injuries during repair phase. Water is warmed and filtered and the horse may be kept in the tank for periods of up to 3 months but if suspension has been almost complete and is ceased suddenly the osteoporosis due to weightlessness may cause bone fractures.

X-ray processing t. usually in four compartments, one for developing, one for wash water, one for fixing and one for rinsing.

tankage made from heat-digested animal abattoir residues without gut contents, hide, horn, hoof. Concentrated and dried and possessing a high biological value protein content of 60%. See also meat meal.

tannate [tan’āt] any of the salts of tannic acid, all of which are astringent.

tanner grass [tan’r] Brachiaria radicans.

tannia see Xanthosoma.

tannic acid [tan’ik] a polyphenol obtained from bark and fruit of many plants, used as an astringent.

tanning the process of tanning hides to make leather; tanning is by a tanning bark process or a chemical process called chrome tanning.

tannins secondary plant metabolites, probably important in antiherbivore defense; divisible into the common condensed tannins, and less common and more toxic hydrolyzable tannins, e.g. gallotannins in oak trees, punicalagin in Terminalia oblongata, capable of damaging the kidneys; condensed tannins bind to protein, interfere with the availability of proteins from feeds, and are pooly absorbed from the gut. The presence of condensed tannins in some legumes, such as vetch and trefoil, results in these legumes being less prone to cause frothy bloat in grazing ruminants.

tansy Tanacetum vulgare. See also tansy ragwort and tansy mustard.

tantalum (Ta) [tan’t-lm] a chemical element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948. See Table 4. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal used for plates or disks to repair cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic appliances.

tanycyte [tan’-sīt] special cell in the ependyma lining the third ventricle in the brain; the function is unknown.

TAP trypsinogen activation peptide.

tap [tap] 1. a quick, light blow. 2. to drain off fluid by paracentesis.

bone t. an instrument for cutting a screw thread inside a drill hole in bone. May have a fixed handle or come in bit form so that the bit size can be interchanged in a handle fitted with a chuck.

spinal t. lumbar puncture.

tape [tāp] a long, narrow strip of fabric or other flexible material.

adhesive t. a strip of fabric or other material evenly coated on one side with a pressure-sensitive adhesive material.

t. closure application of tape strips across the incision can be used to hold wound edges in apposition.

vaginal t. special tape for use in closing the vulva to retain a prolapsed cervix or uterus. See also Buhner method.

tapeinocephaly [tap″-no-sef’-le] flattening or depression of the skull.

tapetal [t-pe’tl] emanating from or pertaining to the tapetum.

t. aplasia failure of the tapetum to develop. A variation of normal.

t. degeneration occurs as an inherited defect in beagles and in cats with Chediak–Higashi syndrome.

t. hyperreflectivity an ophthalmoscopically visible feature of retinal degeneration due to less light being absorbed by the atrophic retina.

t. rods crystalline structures in the cellular tapetum in carnivores; typically contain zinc or riboflavin.

t. stars nonreflective dots in the tapetum lucidum of certain species (especially the cat and large herbivores) caused by choroidal blood vessels piercing through the tapetum. More commonly called stars of Winslow.

tapetum [t-pe’tm] pl. tapeta [L.] 1. a covering structure or layer of cells. 2. a stratum in the human brain composed of fibers from the body and splenium of the corpus callosum sweeping around the lateral ventricle. 3. common abbreviation for tapetum lucidum (see below).

t. cellulosum a type of tapetum lucidum made of cells called iridocytes, as found in carnivores.

t. fibrosum a type of tapetum lucidum composed predominantly of organized bundles of collagen as found in ungulates.

t. lucidum the iridescent reflecting tissue layer of the fundus (typically the choroid) of some species of animals that gives their eyes the property of shining in the dark. It is characteristic of crepuscular animals and is believed to allow incident light two opportunities to stimulate the retinal photoreceptors.

tapeworm [tāp’wrm] a class of the phylum Platyhelminthes, class Eucestoda, or flatworms; includes members of the genera Taenia, Diphyllobothrium, Dipylidium and Echinococcus. Most adult tapeworm infestations have little apparent effect on the health of farm livestock (with the exception of Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses) and are mostly esthetic problems in companion animals.

armed t. Taenia solium.

Asian t. Taenia asiatica

bass tapeworm see Proteocephalus ambloplitis.

beef t. Taenia saginata.

broad t. Diphyllobothrium latum.

broad fish tapeworm see Diphyllobothrium latum.

T-5 Tapetum of the dog. From Maggs DJ, Miller PE, Ofri R, Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 4th Edition. Saunders, 2008.

dog t. Dipylidium caninum.

dwarf t. see Hymenolepis nana.

fish t. Diphyllobothrium latum.

fringed tapeworm see Thysanosoma actinioides.

hydatid t. Echinococcus granulosus.

pork t. Taenia solium.

unarmed t. Taenia saginata.

tapioca Manihot esculenta.

tapir (Tapirus spp.) a medium-large sized ungulate, native to Central and South America; it has a rounded body, thick head and a short, prehensile proboscus.

tapotement [tah-pōt-maw’] a technique used in massage therapy in which gentle percussion is used to stimulate sensory nerves and vasodilate capillaries. Called also cupping.

tar [tahr] a dark-brown or black, viscid liquid obtained from various species of pine or from bituminous coal. See also wood tar derivatives.

coal t. see coal tar.

coal t. pitch see coal tar pitch.

t. derivatives include phenol (carbolic acid), cresols, creosote, all potent poisons. See also wood tar derivatives.

hot t. a cause of burns in dogs and cats, usually made more severe because it sticks to the skin.

juniper t. a volatile oil obtained from wood of Juniperus oxycedrus; used topically in the treatment of skin disease.

pine t. a product of destructive distillation of the wood of various pine trees; used as a rubefacient and treatment for skin disease.

t. pitch see coal tar pitch.

Stockholm t. see Stockholm tar.

Tarai a black Indian dairy buffalo with a white tail; occasionally brown in color.

tarantula [t-ran’tu-l] a large group of hairy spiders in the family Theraphosidae. Although known for the large size and a fearsome reputation, they are also kept as pets.

Taraxacum officinale [t-rak’s-km] a plant in the family Asteraceae suspected to cause some incidents of stringhalt in horses in the absence of H. radicata, for example in South America. Called also dandelion. See Hypochaeris radicata.

tarbush see Flourensia cernua.

tardive [tahr’div] late; applied to a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing.

T-6 Example of typical tapeworm with dorsoventrally flattened, ribbonlike appearance.

Hendrix CM, Robinson E, Diagnostic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians, 4th Edition. Mosby, 2012.

T-7 Tarantula spider.

Courtesy of CDC.

tare [tār] 1. the weight of the vessel in which a substance is weighed. 2. to weigh a vessel which is to contain a substance in order to allow for it when the vessel and substance are weighed together.

Tarentaise cattle fawn to yellow, dual-purpose cattle from the French Alps.

target [tahr’gt] 1. an object or area toward which something is directed, e.g. target animal, population, level or nucleotide sequence. 2. the area of the anode of an X-ray tube where the electron beam collides causing the emission of X-rays. 3. a cell or organ that is affected by a particular agent, e.g. a hormone or drug.

t. cell see target cell.

t.–film distance the distance from the target of the X-ray tube and the plane of the X-ray film.

t. lesion skin lesion consisting of annular or arciform areas of erythema with central pigmentation. Associated with bacterial hypersensitivity and seborrheic dermatitis. Called also bull’s eye lesion.

performance t. in herd health programs target performances are set up in a number of production and health functions in order to provide an incentive and give some measure of performance other than an absolute one. This enables farmers to be rated on their effective performance in spite of the great variations that can occur between them in basic resources.

targetting of proteins [tahr’gt-ing] mechanisms whereby proteins are sorted and transported to particular sites in the cell required for their synthesis or function.

Targhee an American medium-woolled, polled, meat sheep produced by crossing sheep of Lincoln and Rambouillet breeds.

tarichatoxin [tar’ik--tok″sin] a neurotoxin from the newt (Taricha), identical with tetrodotoxin.

taro Colocasia esculenta, Xanthosoma spp.

giant t. Alocasia brisbanensis.

tarry [tahr’e] said of feces that are black and glutinous. See also melena.

tarsadenitis [tahr″sad--ni’tis] inflammation of the tarsal plate and the meibomian glands of the eyelid.

tarsal [tahr’sl] pertaining to the tarsal plate of an eyelid or of the foot. See also Table 10.

t. adenitis see meibomian adenitis.

central t. bone the bone of the hock which lies between the proximal and distal rows of tarsal bones. Subject to fracturedislocation in dogs, particularly racing greyhounds.

t. gland sebaceous follicles between the tarsal plate and conjunctiva of the eyelids. Called also meibomian gland.

t. hydrarthrosis see bog spavin.

t. joint see tarsus.

t. pad see tarsal torus.

t. plate dense fibrous layer within the eyelids providing rigidity and facilitating eyelid opening and closure. More developed in the upper lid than the lower lid of mammals.

t. sheath the synovial sheath around the deep flexor tendon in the horse.

t. tunnel the osseofibrous passage for the tibial nerve, and flexor tendons, formed by the flexor retinaculum and the tarsal bones.

tarsalia [tahr-sa’le-] the bones of the tarsus.

tarsalis [tahr-sa’lis] [L.] tarsal.

tarsectomy [tahr-sek’t-me] 1. excision of one or more bones of the tarsus. 2. excision of the tarsal plate of the eyelid.

tarsier small, arboreal, almost hairless, Southeast Asian primate in the family Tarsiidae and closely related to the monkeys, apes and humans. They have very large eyes, elongated tarsal bones and long digits.

tarsitis [tahr-si’tis] inflammation of the connective tissue portion (tarsal plate) of the eyelid; blepharitis.

tars(o)- word element. [Gr.] edge of eyelid, tarsus of the foot.

tarsoclasis [tahr-sok’l-sis] surgical fracture of the tarsus.

tarsoconjunctiva [tahr″so-kn-jnk’ti-v] the tarsal plate and palpebral conjunctiva.

t. graft, t. transposition transposition of the tarsus and palpebral conjunctiva by a sliding graft technique; used in reconstruction of the eyelid.

tarsocrural [tahr″so-krōōr’l] pertaining to the tarsal bones and the tibia and fibula.

t. joint the articulation between the tibial tarsal bone (talus) and the tibia and fibula.

tarsomalacia [tahr″so-m-la’sh] softening of the tarsal plate of an eyelid.

tarsometatarsal [tahr″so-met″-tahr’sl] pertaining to the tarsus and metatarsus.

tarsometatarsus [tahr″so-met″-tahr’ss] the bone of the lower shank of birds made up of fused tarsal and metatarsal bones.

tarsophyma any tumor of the tarsus.

tarsoplasty [tahr’so-plas″te] plastic repair of the tarsal plate of the eyelid.

tarsorrhaphy [tahr-sor’-fe] temporary or permanent joining with suture of a portion or the entire upper and lower eyelids for the purpose of protecting the cornea by shortening or closing the palpebral fissure.

tarsotomy [tahr-sot’-me] surgical incision of a tarsus, or the tarsal plate of an eyelid.

tarsus [tahr’ss] 1. the hock or ankle made up of up to seven bones–talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform, and cuboid–comprising the articulation between the cannon bone and the tibia. 2. the fibrous layer forming the framework of either (upper or lower) eyelid. See tarsal plate.

tartar [tahr’tr] 1. the recrystallized sediment of wine casks; crude potassium bitartrate. 2. a yellowish film formed of calcium phosphate and carbonate, food particles, and other organic matter, deposited on the teeth by the saliva. See also dental calculus.

t. emetic antimony potassium tartrate; used at one time as an emetic and as a treatment for trypanosomiasis but is very poisonous and is no longer used as an animal medicine.

t. scraper manual or mechanical, handheld instruments used to scrape tartar (dental calculus) from the teeth of dogs. There is a variety of tips including triangle, hoe (right and left) and claw. They may be single or double ended.

Tarui disease [tah’roo-e] 6-phosphofructokinase 1 deficiency.

tarweed see Amsinckia.

Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) the world’s largest surviving carnivorous marsupial, found only in the Australian island state, Tasmania, where it is common, but numbers have declined sharply with the occurrence of Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease (see below). The size of a small dog, it is noted for its rowdy, nocturnal behavior and threatening appearance and sounds.

T. d. facial tumor disease tumors of Schwann cell origin first appear in and around the mouth, face and neck, but can be found

elsewhere in the body. Large, disfiguring growths interfere with eating and the condition is fatal within 3–8 months. It first appeared in the mid-1990s and has spread widely, greatly reducing the population of Tasmanian devils. Tumors are infective; the disease, analogous to transmissible veneral tumor of dogs, is caused by transplantable neoplastic cells transmitted through fight wounds.

T-8 Accumulation of dental tartar and resulting perialveolar gingivitis in cat.

From Greene CE, Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 3rd Edition. Saunders, 2008.