Chapter 8 Figure 8-1 Pulmonary compliance equals the slope of the pressure volume curve at the functional residual capacity (FRC) or resting volume of the lung. The x-axis, R, is the pressure required to move a volume of air (shown in the y-axis). With a reduced FRC, a greater distending pressure is required to move an equal tidal volume. This requires more work and therefore more energy. Vt, Tidal volume. TABLE 8-1 Common Causes of Respiratory Distress in Dogs and Cats
Stabilization of the Patient with Respiratory Distress
Pathophysiology of Respiratory Distress
Respiratory Failure
Problem
Phase Affected/Respiratory Pattern
Emergency Treatment
Upper Airway Obstruction
Laryngeal paralysis
Inspiratory/Obstructive
O2, sedation, antiinflammatory, +/− tracheostomy
Extrathoracic tracheal collapse
Inspiratory/Obstructive
O2, sedation, antitussive
Airway mass lesion
Fixed/Obstructive
O2, sedation, +/− tracheostomy
Airway foreign body
Fixed/Obstructive
O2, sedation, Heimlich maneuver
Laryngeal stenosis
Fixed/Obstructive
O2, sedation, +/− tracheostomy
Lower Airway Obstruction
Intrathoracic tracheal collapse
Expiratory/Obstructive
O2, sedation, antitussive
Bronchitis
Expiratory/Obstructive
O2, sedation, antiinflammatory, bronchodilator
Airway mass lesion
Fixed/Obstructive
O2, sedation
Airway foreign body
Fixed/Obstructive
O2, sedation, Heimlich maneuver
Pulmonary Parenchymal Disease
Pneumonia
Inspiratory/Restrictive
O2, IV fluids, antibiotic, physical therapy
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Inspiratory/Restrictive
O2, sedation, fluid restriction/diuretics
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Inspiratory/Restrictive
O2, sedation
Pulmonary hemorrhage
Inspiratory/Restrictive
O2, sedation, FFP
Pulmonary neoplasia
Inspiratory/Restrictive
O2, sedation
Pleural Space Disease
Chylothorax
Inspiratory/Restrictive/Inverse
O2, thoracocentesis
Pneumothorax
Inspiratory/Restrictive/Inverse
O2, thoracocentesis
Pyothorax
Inspiratory/Restrictive/Inverse
O2, thoracocentesis
Pleural hemorrhage
Inspiratory/Restrictive/Inverse
O2, FFP, thoracocentesis
Diaphragmatic hernia
Inspiratory/Restrictive/Inverse
O2, sedation, surgical correction
Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Hyperventilation
O2, sedation, thrombolytic, anticoagulation
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Stabilization of the Patient with Respiratory Distress
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