Sinus Bradycardia
Basic Information ![image](/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/B978141609979600670X_icon01-9781416099796.jpg)
Clinical Presentation
Etiology and Pathophysiology
• High vagal tone (caused by eye pressure during ophthalmic surgery, increased ICP, hypothermia)
• Electrolyte disturbances (calcium, magnesium, and especially potassium). Foals with urinary bladder rupture and hyperkalemia are at an increased risk of developing bradycardia during anesthesia.
• Administration of drugs (digoxin, verapamil, diltiazem, sedatives, and anesthetics)