Rectal Prolapse
Basic Information 
Clinical Presentation
Disease Forms/Subtypes
A grading system is used to classify prolapse.
• Type 1: Only the mucosa protrudes.
• Type 2: All or part of the ampulla recti protrudes.
• Type 3: All or part of the ampulla recti protrudes, and the peritoneal portion of the rectum or small colon is intussuscepted but does not protrude through the anus.
• Type 4: The peritoneal portion of the rectum or small colon is intussuscepted and protrudes through the anus.
Physical Exam Findings
• Temperature is variable depending on severity of compromise; rectal prolapse may hinder the ability to get an accurate temperature reading.
• Tachycardia is often present.
• Horses with type 1 or 2 prolapse may have normal mentation, but increasing duration and severity causes depression and lethargy.
• Mucous membranes are variable depending on severity of compromise; they are often pale pink and moist.
• Colic signs are variable; abdominal distension is variable; both are progressive in types 3 and 4 prolapse.
Diagnosis 
Initial Database
• Complete blood count: Leukopenia or leukocytosis common; occasionally normal
• Rectal evaluation: Establish if rectal prolapse or intussusception
• Prolapse: Continuum between anal sphincter and rectal mucosa
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