Questions

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1. Humans become infected with Toxocara sp. when they accidentally ingest ___________ in soil contaminated by dog or cat faeces.

2. The female schistosome resides inside a specialized canal, on the ventral surface of the male, known as ___________.

3. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and inhibits ___________ in nematodes.

4. ___________ are the only known definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii.

5. The most common Sarcocystis infection of horses is equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) which is caused by ___________.

6. Sarcocystis was originally reported in 1843 as white thread-like structures (___________) in the muscle of mice.

7. Chagas disease is caused by ___________, which is transmitted by Triatominae insects, predominantly in rural areas of Latin America.

8. ___________ intracellular bacteria are essential for development of larvae and the survival of adult Onchocerca volvulus worms.

9. ___________ was identified in 1836 when motile organisms were observed in the vaginal fluid.

10. ___________ was discovered in 1909 by the English protozoologist Charles Wenyon after examining his own parasitological stool preparations.

11. ___________ tapeworm can be identified based on the presence of double sets of reproductive organs in each segment/proglottid with a genital pore on both lateral edges.

12. ___________ mites have dorsal striations and a dorsally located anus compared with the terminal anus, dorsal pegs and spines found in Sarcoptes mites.

13. Field diagnosis of Eimeria infection in poultry depends on the identification of ___________ and microscopic examination of faecal droppings and litter for ___________.

14. Larval development of the nematode ___________, from egg to the L3 stage, occurs within the eggshell.

15. Out of the 13 Eimeria species reported to infect cattle, ___________ and ___________ are the most pathogenic species, leading to typhlocolitis associated with bloody diarrhoea and dehydration, especially in calves.

16. Cryptosporidiosis in humans is mainly caused by ___________ (zoonotic) and ___________ (human specific).

17. ___________ is a serious disease of salmonids caused by the myxosporean parasite ___________, which has a two-host life cycle, utilizing ___________ as an intermediate host.

18. Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompetent individuals is generally ___________. However, a small proportion of acutely infected patients may develop cervical ___________ or a ___________.

19. The intestinal fluke ___________ was originally described by George Busk in 1843 from an Indian sailor.

20. Six Entamoeba species have been described in humans. These include ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, and ___________. Among these, ___________ is the only pathogenic species.

21. Liver flukes can be treated with the flukicide ___________ or ___________.

22. ___________ protozoa live in intracellular but extracytosolic parasitophorous vacuoles beneath the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells.

23. ___________ is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that is capable of infecting humans, and almost all species of animals and birds.

24. Infection with ___________ was first recognized by Babès in 1888 inside red blood cells of cattle in Romania.

25. The completion of the life cycle of Babesia requires a mammalian host and ___________ ticks.

26. About 12 Eimeria species are reported to infect the intestinal tract of the rabbits, except one species, ___________, which infects the liver.

27. The three principal Schistosoma species infecting humans are ___________, ___________, and ___________.

28. Imidacloprid activity is attributed to its effect on the postsynaptic ___________ in the CNS of the insect.

29. ___________ (i.e. cutaneous habronemiasis) are pruritic, pyogranulomatous lesions caused by aberrant cutaneous migration of the larvae of the equine stomach worm, ___________.

30. ___________ is the tapeworm of foxes, dogs, and to some extent cats (definitive hosts), with rodents as intermediate hosts.

31. The life cycle of ___________ involves a rodent definitive host and a mollusk intermediate host, often a slug or land snail.

32. The blood flukes schistosomes have a life cycle that involves freshwater ___________ as an intermediate host and a vertebrate definitive host.

33. Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by infection with the tsetse fly-transmitted haemoflagellates ___________ and ___________.

34. Three primary lungworms of small ruminants are of clinical and economic importance: ___________, ___________ and ___________.

35. Damage inflicted by liver flukes may predispose the affected host to invasion by anaerobic ___________ such as Clostridium novyi, which may lead to fatal disease, which is known as ___________.

36. Taenia crassiceps differs from other tapeworms because of its ability to bud ___________ inside the host and generate ___________ outside the cyst.

37. Adult Diphyllobothrium latum cause limited clinical illness, however they compete with their host for absorption of ___________ from the intestinal lumen, resulting in ___________ anaemia.

38. The ___________ drugs are effective against both endo- and ectoparasites; they are known by the term ‘endectocides’.

39. ___________ is the first-choice drug for treatment of early Lyme disease because it is effective for treatment of erythema migrans and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, which may occur simultaneously with early Lyme disease.

40. ___________ is an agonist of invertebrate-specific, glutamate-activated, inhibitory chloride channels; it causes flaccid paralysis and subsequent death in nematodes and mites.

41. ___________ and ___________ are possible adverse effects in dogs and cats treated with Albendazole.

42. The ___________ system is a tool used for assessment of the extent of anaemia caused by Haemonchus contortus infection, and has been developed for the identification of those animals who require treatment in the sheep flock.

43. The Chinese liver fluke disease ‘clonorchiasis’ is caused by ___________. Humans are infected by eating raw, undercooked or salted fish containing ___________.

44. Neospora caninum is a cyst-forming coccidian with an indirect life cycle that involves ___________ as the definitive host and ___________ as the main intermediate host.

45. The striking feature in dogs with Dipylidium caninum is the passage of motile ___________, which can be found in the perianal region and in the freshly voided faeces.