Pyospermia
Basic Information 
Clinical Presentation
History, Chief Complain
Physical Exam Findings
• Presence of pus or neutrophils on semen evaluation
• Stallions are usually clinically healthy with no systemic signs of illness.
• If seminal vesiculitis is acute in nature, stallions may experience pain when breeding or on transrectal palpation of affected glands.
• Acute epididymitis may be accompanied by fever and pain.
• Diagnosis requires complete evaluation of the reproductive system, including testicular palpation and ultrasonography, transrectal evaluation of the vesicular glands, and videoendoscopic evaluation of the urethra and vesicular glands.
Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Routes of infection of all internal structures (ampullae, seminal vesicles, epididymis, urethra) include ascending from the urethra; descending from the upper genital tract or urinary tract; lymphogenous or hematogenous spread; and direct infection from surrounding tissues.
• All seminal vesiculitis in stallions is infectious.
• Urethritis may be bacterial or viral, although viral urethritis rarely is a cause of leukospermia.
• Infections of the external reproductive organs, including the glans penis or prepuce, often as a sequela to disruption of the normal commensal flora, allowing for opportunistic infection, such as after rigorous repeated washing of the penis.
Diagnosis 
Differential Diagnosis
• Seminal vesiculitis (vesicular gland adenitis)
• Any other site of inflammation or infection along the urogenital tract, including the external genitalia (prepuce, glans penis)
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