Pneumonia, Parasitic

Pneumonia, Parasitic



Basic Information image



Definition


Parasitic pneumonia in horses has two syndromes, primary lungworm infection (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) and parasite migration through the lung.



Epidemiology



Species, Age, Sex




• Equine lungworm (D. arnfieldi): Donkeys are thought to be the natural host. The prevalence of infection is reported at 68% to 80% in donkeys, 2% to 11% in horses, and 29% in mules.


• Pulmonary parasite migration: Usually affects foals and weanlings.



Genetics and Breed Predisposition


No genetic or breed predisposition for either syndrome has been identified.



Risk Factors




• Equine lungworm: Housing with infected donkeys or mules increases potential exposure.


• Pulmonary parasite migration: Inadequate deworming, crowding, and poor sanitation all predispose to parasite infections.



Contagion and Zoonosis




• Equine lungworm: Infections in donkeys and mules are patent and often asymptomatic, serving as reservoirs of infection. Horse-to-horse transmission is also thought to be possible.


• Pulmonary parasite migration: Disease occurs through ingestion of contaminated feces.



Geography and Seasonality


Similar to any parasitic infection, transmission is less likely during cold weather.



Associated Conditions and Disorders




• Secondary bacterial pneumonia may occur with both syndromes.


• Intestinal parasitism may be seen along with pulmonary parasite migration.



Clinical Presentation



History, Chief Complaint




• History


image Cohabitation with donkeys or mules (lungworm infection).

image History of insufficient anthelmintic therapy

• Chief complaint


image Respiratory signs (cough, nasal discharge, increased respiratory effort)

image Weight loss

image Pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotics


Physical Exam Findings




• Cough


• Nasal discharge


• Abnormal tracheal auscultation


• Abnormal lung auscultation (crackles and wheezes)


• Increased expiratory effort


• Poor body condition (associated with intestinal parasite involvement)



Etiology and Pathophysiology




• Equine lungworm


image D. arnfieldi larvae are the causative agent.
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Jul 24, 2016 | Posted by in SMALL ANIMAL | Comments Off on Pneumonia, Parasitic

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