Selecting the right pet is a significant decision that can have a lasting impact on a person’s life. Caregivers must carefully consider various factors to ensure that their new companion is a good fit for their lifestyle, preferences, and needs. This chapter is dedicated to guiding caregivers through the process of pet selection. The options for acquiring a pet include animal shelters, rescue organizations, and breeders, each with its advantages and considerations. Pet selection counseling is the first step in preventing behavioral problems. Given the unique nature of each caregiver, animal, and situation, providing specific advice on pet selection is challenging (McBride 2005). Nonetheless, individuals looking to adopt a new pet can utilize various resources to guide their choice. Veterinarians should be prepared to offer this service to their clients (Bergman and Gaskins 2008), especially since many caregivers turn to alternative sources such as the internet for behavioral advice (Bergman et al. 2002). In the pet selection process a questionnaire can be helpful. The consultant’s role, however, is not to choose a specific breed, age, or sex for a family (Landsberg et al. 2013b). Rather, their job is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each breed and guide the family in selecting the sex, age, and particular dog or cat (Landsberg et al. 2013b). The selection consultation also offers an opportunity to provide the family with important information on health, feeding, housing, and especially on behavior and training (Landsberg et al. 2013b). Setting realistic expectations and offering behavioral advice during each visit with a puppy or kitten can help to lower the risk of future relinquishment (Table 8.1). Significant research has been conducted into the genetics associated with behavior and behavior problems (Landsberg et al. 2013b). It is widely recognized that genetics play a role in various behavioral traits (Saetre et al. 2006; Scott and Fuller 1965; Wayne and Ostrander 2007). The potential for inheriting certain behavioral traits has partly influenced the development of specific dog breeds (Turcsan et al. 2011). Dogs have been selectively bred over generations for abilities such as retrieving, tracking, hunting, and guarding. However, undesirable traits can also be passed down through lineages. This does not imply that all behavior problems are genetic; many issues are related to poor socialization and other early life experiences (Turcsan et al. 2011). Table 8.1 Factors to consider when selecting a pet. Merely having a genetic predisposition for certain behavioral traits does not guarantee their expression, nor does it mean that all animals with the same genetic variations will exhibit these traits to the same degree. Protein structure, protein interactions, and environmental factors all influence the behaviors of individual animals (Nicholas 2010). The complexity of behavioral genetics is further increased by the fact that multiple mutations can affect a single behavioral trait. For instance, variation exists within the English Cocker Spaniel breed regarding levels of aggression in individual dogs (Podberscek and Serpell 1996). Additionally, due to selective breeding pressures, the specific mutations affecting behavior in one breed may differ from those in another breed. Consequently, when determining the likelihood of specific behaviors or behavior problems in a given individual, consider not only the individual animal’s breed but also their familial history and early life experiences. Behavior is a complex phenomenon and no single factor can fully explain the underlying reasons for a particular behavior problem. The main options for acquiring a pet are animal shelters, rescue organizations, pet stores, and breeders, each offering distinct advantages and considerations (Table 8.2). Table 8.2 Sources of pets. ✓, Pros; ✗, Cons Behavioral issues are the primary reason dogs and cats are surrendered to shelters, rehomed, or euthanized, as noted by Patronek et al. (1996) and Salman et al. (2000). Providing preventative behavioral services offers an opportunity to educate caregivers about normal animal behaviors and to address common behavioral challenges; doing so helps keep pets in their homes. For puppies and kittens, starting off on the right foot involves first choosing the appropriate pet, followed by socialization, attending puppy and kitten kindergarten classes, and learning basic behaviors. Shelter dogs and cats often have unknown backgrounds and may require behavior modification before adoption. Addressing these issues early on is easier than treating any behavior problems that may develop later. When adopting an animal, whether from a shelter or a rescue group, transparency is important. This means the organization should be open about the animal’s overall health and behavioral needs while in their care. Medical records should be included in the adoption process, along with information about any known previous homes. Similarly, a good breeder should be transparent, inviting questions and being able to provide references. Shelters, rescue groups, and breeders should be willing to serve as a resource as pets transition into their new homes. Animal shelters are typically operated by municipal or nonprofit organizations and often house a variety of pets, including dogs, cats, and occasionally other animals such as rabbits, guinea pigs, or birds. They provide an opportunity to give a second chance to animals in need, offering homes to pets that may have been abandoned or surrendered by previous caregivers. Shelters are an excellent choice for individuals looking to provide a new home to a pet while also supporting the ethical treatment of animals. Rescue organizations are typically nonprofit groups dedicated to rescuing and rehoming specific breeds or types of animals. These organizations often have a thorough screening process for potential adopters and may require a commitment to breed‐specific care. Choosing a rescue organization allows caregivers to adopt a pet with a known background and potentially a better understanding of the animal’s behavior and health history. Stray and homeless dogs and cats are a widespread issue globally (Sandoe et al. 2019). These animals might be abandoned intentionally, lost, or born in the wild. The problem is exacerbated by the attitude of some people who view animals as “disposable,” leading them to stop caring for pets they once adopted (Robertson 2008). Although many animals live in feral or semi‐feral states, people still provide a considerable level of care for them. In the United States about 25% of households feed outdoor cats, even if they do not personally own them (Levy et al. 2003; Slater 2005). Some communities extend their support by offering basic veterinary care and spay/neuter services for these feral animals (Centonze and Levy 2002). Additionally, a notable number of households choose to adopt stray or feral cats, and to a lesser extent dogs, as pets (APPA 2018). Breeders are individuals or organizations that specialize in producing specific breeds of animals. Reputable breeders adhere to ethical breeding practices, prioritize the health and wellbeing of their animals, and provide proper socialization and early care. They should be willing to show their kennels and the animals under their care to prospective buyers. Genetic screening tests should be performed on all breeding animals, with particular attention given to known breed dispositions. The results of these tests should be available for prospective buyers to review. Caregivers seeking a particular breed with specific characteristics may opt for a responsible breeder. However, it is essential to thoroughly research and choose a breeder with a strong reputation to ensure the welfare of the animals. Clients should be directed to evaluate references from the breeder, including veterinarians and previous buyers. As opposed to reputable breeders, pet stores, puppy mills, and breeding farms often produce animals with more behavioral and health problems. There is a higher frequency of inbreeding and a lower frequency of health screening. Medical histories and lineages are often unavailable. Because parental information is unknown, it is much harder to predict an individual animal’s behavior and potential health problems that may arise. Puppy Culture, created by Jane Messineo Lindquist, a professional dog trainer and breeder, is a comprehensive online program designed to assist breeders in training and socializing puppies from birth through their early socialization phase (https://shoppuppyculture.com/pages/about‐puppy‐culture). This program provides breeders with an in‐depth understanding of puppy development and behavior, establishing a strong foundation for the puppies’ continual learning and adaptation. Puppies raised with Puppy Culture are more likely to be well adjusted, confident, and exhibit fewer behavioral issues, thus facilitating a smoother transition to a new home (Figure 8.1). Figure 8.1 Puppy Culture is a breeder program that helps to give puppies an ideal start at life. Breeders who use this program tend to produce higher‐quality, well‐adjusted puppies. Courtesy of Rachel Thornton. Puppy Culture presents a structured approach to breeding and raising puppies, focusing on enhancing both their physical and mental development. Grounded in the latest scientific research, the program highlights the significance of early learning experiences and socialization opportunities. It ensures puppies receive a diverse range of experiences and skills, supporting their growth into confident and well‐balanced adult dogs. This includes exposing puppies to various environments, people, and situations, as well as teaching them basic social skills. The activities within Puppy Culture may involve acquainting puppies with different textures, sounds, and visuals; providing opportunities for play and exploration; and teaching basic behaviors like “sit” and “touch.” The program also educates breeders and caregivers in canine behavior and development and offers guidance on appropriate socialization and care for puppies as they transition from the breeder to their new homes. When selecting a specific breed, caregivers should be informed about the breed’s history, purpose, and potential genetic and health concerns. The temperament and behavioral needs can vary significantly between breeds (Landsberg et al. 2013b). Clients should understand how these traits may affect whether an animal is suitable for their lifestyle. Additionally, caregivers should be prepared to address the grooming needs of their chosen breed. Veterinarians can assist clients in selecting groomers and ensuring that the animal’s health is maintained through proper coat management. Once the source of the pet has been established, caregivers need to set realistic expectations and identify the desired traits they seek in their new companion. It is important for caregivers to consider factors such as their living situation, available space, activity level, and the amount of time they can dedicate to pet care (Marder and Duxbury 2008). Clients considering animal adoption need to understand the benefits and challenges of adopting pets at different ages to make the best choice for their situation. While there is no consensus on the best age for adopting puppies and kittens, some guidelines can help. Kittens should generally be adopted around 7 weeks of age, after they have had enough human interaction. If breeders keep kittens longer, it is important they still interact with people. For puppies, the usual advice is to adopt them at 8–10 weeks of age (McMillan 2017). However, if their early environment is not ideal and a new caregiver can provide better socialization, adopting at 6–7 weeks might be advisable. It is important to note, though, that puppies adopted before 8 weeks of age have shown an increased likelihood of later exhibiting aggression and separation‐related behaviors (McMillan 2017). Understanding these details helps to increase the chances of a successful, permanent adoption (Powell et al. 2021b). Both puppies and kittens can relatively easily adapt to new environments and stimuli during their socialization periods, as long as the experiences are perceived as positive (Casey and Bradshaw 2008). However, these young animals require considerable time and effort. They need regular, positive interactions with various people, animals, and environments for proper socialization. Additionally, they often demand significant energy for training (Powell et al. 2018). Clients seeking to adopt young animals should be encouraged to work with positive reinforcement‐based trainers in order to help their new pets gain the skills and confidence they need to develop appropriate social skills and adapt to their new home environment. Compared to puppies and kittens, adult animals have different needs and often exhibit more mature behaviors. For example, they usually understand basic behavioral cues, are accustomed to longer periods without their caregiver, are familiar with leash walks, and understand feeding schedules. However, these traits are not guaranteed in every adult animal (Landsberg et al. 2013b). One notable advantage of adult animals is that they tend to be gentler during play, exhibiting less nipping, chewing, and scratching behaviors compared to younger animals (Graff and Gaultier 2002). Despite these positive traits, adopting adult animals comes with its own set of challenges. Adult dogs and cats are more likely to be returned to shelters after adoption than younger animals, which increases their risk of being euthanized (Powell et al. 2021b). This higher return rate may be attributed to a greater incidence of behavioral problems in adult animals. Being past their socialization period, they often find it more difficult to adapt to new environments and cope with their past experiences (Landsberg et al. 2013b
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Pet Selection
Pet Selection Counseling
Genetics and Behavior
Category
Considerations
Species and breed
Dog or cat
Purebred or mixed breed
Show or pet quality
Breed traits (function, temperament, etc.)
Age and physical characteristics
Puppy/kitten or adult
Appearance, size, hair coat
Sex and reproductive status
Male or female
Neutered or intact
Financial commitment
Costs for food, housing, veterinary care, grooming, training/enrichment, etc.
Family and lifestyle
Family allergies/disabilities
Daily routines, time at home
Past pet experiences
Environment
Home type, location, fencing
Restrictions (landlord, laws)
Long‐term commitment
Pet’s life expectancy
Future living situation changes
Care plans for absences and longevity
Pet’s needs and caregiver’s availability
Attention requirements
Work hours
Travel frequency
Interaction with existing pets
Compatibility with current pets
Consultation with veterinarian
Personal preferences
Desired pet qualities (e.g., companionship, ease of care)
Caregiver’s experience and availability
Choosing Between Shelter, Rescue, and Breeders
Aspect
Shelter
Breeder
Rescue organization
Pet store
Adoption saves lives
✓ Many animals in need
✓ Ethical breeders
✓ Rescues at‐risk pets
✓ Availability of puppies
Lower cost
✓ Lower adoption fees
✗ Can be expensive
✓ Reasonable fees
✗ May be costly up front
Vet care included
✓ Often spayed/neutered
✓ Health guarantees
✓ Health checks
✗ Varies by store
Variety of breeds
✗ Varies by shelter; many are mixed breeds
✓ Specific breed choice
✗ Varies by rescue
✓ Wide variety of breeds
Supporting causes
✓ Supports animal welfare
✗ Supports breeding, which may or may not be ethical; significant individual variation
✓ Supports rescue
✗ Commercial interests
Uncertain history
✓ Unknown background
✗ Potential breed‐specific/hereditary health issues
✗ Varies by rescue
✗ Limited transparency
Breed‐specific traits
✗ Limited predictability
✓ Predictable traits
✗ Varies by rescue
✗ Predictable traits
Importance of Transparency
Animal Shelters
Rescue Organizations
Abandoned and Orphaned Animals
Breeders
Puppy Culture
Breed and Breed Type
Realistic Expectations and Desired Traits
Age of Adoption
Young Animals
Adult Animals
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