Obstructive Disease of the Urinary Tract
Basic Information 
Clinical Presentation
Physical Exam Findings
Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Uroliths occasionally occlude the ureter, urethra, or renal pelvis.
• Urethral obstruction occurs most commonly in males when uroliths lodge at the ischial arch, where the urethra narrows.
• Scarring or mucosal proliferation can sometimes be a sequela of urinary tract surgery (urethrotomy) or trauma and result in obstruction.
• Postrenal azotemia occurs with occlusion of urinary outflow, backpressure in the collecting system, and resultant decreased renal blood flow.
• Extrusion through the floor of the vagina or prolapse and eversion of the bladder may occur in mares when straining during foaling or colic.
• Breeding injuries in stallions may cause hematomas from cavernous penile tissues that result in urethral obstruction.
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