N | Veterian Key

N 1. symbol, newton. 2. chemical symbol, nitrogen. 3. symbol, normal (solution); the expressions 2N (double normal), 0.5N (halfnormal), 0.1N (tenth-normal), etc., denote the strength of a solution in comparison with the normal.

n 1. symbol, refractive index. 2. symbol, nano-. 3. statistically speaking, the number of individuals or values in a sample.

ν nu, small letter; thirteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.

N-3-pyridylmethyl N¹-p-nitrophenyl urea see valor.

N banding a staining technique for karyotypes; performed with Giemsa or silver stains; called N band because it identifies nucle- olus organizer regions.

N-CAMs nerve-cell adhesion molecules.

N-methylconiine plant toxin found in Conium maculatum.

N⁵,N¹⁰-methylene H₄ folate form of tetrahydrolate essential to the synthesis of purines.

N₅,N₁₀A band the wide (1.5–2 μm) anisotropic central zone in the sarcomere or contractile unit of the myofibril, made of both actin and myosin filaments.

N-region template independent addition of 1–6 nucleotides at V-J- D recombination junctions in the process leading to immunoglob- ulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor assembly, important in the generation of diversity of complementarity determining regions.

NA Nomina Anatomica. The former official anatomical nomenclature for human anatomy upon which the official veterinary anatomical terminology (NAV) was based. It has now been superseded by theTerminologia Anatomica.

Na chemical symbol, sodium (L. natrium).

Na+ sodium ion.

Na+ gradient the rate of increase or decrease of sodium ion concentration.

Na+ pump see Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase.

Na+-dependent transport voltage-sensitive protein ’gates’ with complex subunit structure of large α-subunit and smaller β- subunits. Present in axonal fibers and involved in transmission of action potential along a nerve.

NAA Nomina Anatomica Avium. The official anatomical nomenclature for birds edited by J.J. Baumel and others, in its 2nd edition 1993, and prepared on behalf of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists through their International Committee on Avian Anatomical Nomenclature.

Naalehu [Hawaiian] see enzootic calcinosis.

Naboth’s cyst [nah′bot] see cervical cyst.

NaCl sodium chloride.

nacreous [na′kre-s] having a pearl-like luster.

NAD in medical records, an abbreviation for no abnormalities detected.

NAD+ the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

NAD+ malate dehydrogenase see malate dehydrogenase.

NADC National Animal Disease Center.

NADH the reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide.

NADH-methemoglobin reductase the enzyme in the erythrocyte that converts methemoglobin to hemoglobin, which is the form responsible for the transport of oxygen. Called also cytochrome- b₅ reductase. A familial deficiency has been reported in several breeds of dogs and in cats.

nadolol [na-do′lol] an adrenergic blocking agent that affects both β₁– and β₂-receptors.

NADP nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

NADP diaphorase more commonly called NADPH dehydroge- nase; an enzyme catalyzing oxidation-reduction reactions.

NADP-linked malic enzyme see malic enzyme.

NADPH reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) used in a number of reductive syntheses such as those of fatty acids and steroids.

NAE net acid excretion.

Naegleria [na-gler′e-a] a genus of protozoa in the family Vahlkamp- fiidae.

N. fowleri persists in thermally heated swimming pools and causes fatal meningoencephalitis in humans.

naevus nevus.

nafcillin a narrow spectrum, semisynthetic, acid- and penicillin- ase-resistant penicillin that is effective against staphylococcal infections.

naftalofos see naphthalophos.

naftifine an antifungal drug in the allylamine class, closely related to terbinafine.

nag vernacular for horse; called also steed, cayuse, neddy.

nagana endemic disease of mammals in tropical Africa, Central and South America with greatest economic importance in cattle; caused by infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Non-descript syndrome of fever, depression, anemia, enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes, emaciation and death. Currently, no parasitological nor serological test can make a clear distinction between T. b. brucei and T. evansi infections and the clinical signs of chronic nagana and chronic surra are very similar and prohibit correct differential diagnosis. See also trypanosomiasis.

NAGase mastitis test an indirect test for mastitis based on the presence in the milk of mastitic quarters of high concentrations of a cell-associated enzyme N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase.

Nagler’s reaction a test for the identification of alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens; the addition of antitoxin to cultures on egg yolk agar prevents visible opacity, due to lecithinase action which is normally observed around colonies.

Nagpuri a domestic breed of Indian buffalo; used for draft and milk production; long horns, usually black, sometimes white on face, legs and tail.

NAHMS National Animal Health Monitoring System.

nail [nāl] 1. a rod of metal, bone or other material used for fixation of the ends of fractured bones. 2. see horseshoe nail (below). 3. a horny cutaneous plate overlying the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of the human fingers and toes; similar structures are found in other primates. 4. (loosely) one of the claws of dogs, cats, chickens, etc.

n. bed infection see paronychia.

n. bind usually used to indicate a nail prick of the horse’s hoof caused by the blacksmith driving a nail too close to the soft tissues and causing pressure on the sensitive laminae without penetrating them. See also nail prick (below).

n.-hole curette a curette with a fine stem and a tiny, half-cup shaped end designed to be inserted in a nail-hole in the hoof to curette out damaged tissue and to provide drainage. Called also Hughes nail-hole curette.

n. dermatophytosis see onychomycosis.

horseshoe n. a nail made of a special soft metal and with a specific shape that directs the point of the nail away from the soft tissues and out through the side wall of the hoof.

interlocking n. a system of intramedullary bone nails with screws passed through the cortex to connect with the nails and increase the stability in fixing long bone fractures.

intramedullary n. one placed within the medullary cavity, bridging the fracture site and providing support and immobilization although rotation may be a problem. See internal skeletal fixation.

n. prick penetration of the sole of the horse’s hoof by a nail or other sharp object to the depth of the sensitive laminae. Causes acute lameness and may lead to infection, hoof abscess and tetanus. See also nail bind (above). Called also nail tread.

pulled n. an injury common in racing Greyhounds, in which the attachment of the nail to the nail bed is separated by trauma. Causes severe pain and lameness.

n. tread see nail prick.

n. trimmers instruments designed for cutting the nails of dogs or cats; may be guillotine or scissors style; see also White scissors.

Nairobi bleeding disease [ni-ro′be] canine ehrlichiosis.

Nairobi sheep disease [ni-ro′be] an infectious disease of sheep caused by an arbovirus in the genus Nairovirus and transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and possibly other ticks. It is characterized by acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and blood-stained purulent nasal discharge. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 22).

Nairovirus [ni″ro-vi′rs] a genus in the family Bunyaviridae; includes Nairobi sheep disease virus.

naive [nah-ēv′] in immunology, an individual that has not been exposed to a particular antigen.

Na+,K+-ATPase widely distributed enzyme consisting of two large a-α subunits and two smaller β-subunits, whose function is to transport Na+ and K+ against their concentration gradients using hydrolysis of ATP as the thermodynamic couple. The stoichiome- try of exchange is two K+ for every three Na+ pumped. Often called the sodium-potassium pump.

N-1: Nail trimmers, White (left), Resco (right).

From Bassert JM, McCurnin DM, McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 7th Edition. Saunders, 2010.

nakanuke a characteristic sign in avian reticuloendotheliosis. The barbs of the central portion of the wing and tail feathers of some affected birds remain adherent to the shaft.

naked ladies see Colchicum autumnale.

Nakuru grass Cynodon aethiopicus.

nalbuphine [nal′bu-fēn] a synthetic κ-agonist-μ-antagonist opioid analgesic.

naled [nah′led] an organophosphorus insecticide.

nalidixic acid [nal-i-dik′sik] a naphthylidine derivative that inhibits DNA synthesis. Used for the treatment of urinary tract infections due to susceptible gram-negative bacteria. Side-effects in dogs include vomiting, diarrhea and seizures.

nalmefene, nalmetrene [nal′m-fēn] a parenteral opiate receptor antagonist used to reverse the effects of opiates.

nalorphine a semisynthetic congener of morphine used as the hydrochloride to antagonize morphine and related narcotics and as an analgesic.

naloxone [nal-ok′sōn] a narcotic antagonist structurally related to oxymorphone used to reverse the effects of previously administered narcotics.

naltrexone [nal-trek′sōn] an opiate antagonist similar to naloxone but with longer action and greater potency.

namaqua Thesium namaquense.

name [nām] title; identifying word(s).

colloquial disease n. the name given to a disease in a particular district. The same disease may therefore have many names.

International Nonproprietary Name (INN) see International Nonproprietary Name (INN).

preferred n. the name amongst two or more which refer to a single disease, condition or clinical sign, which is recommended to be used generally.

problem n. key name; key indicant. The name of the problem, which may be a clinical sign, a production average, or a performance figure. A critical identification in a problem-oriented system of record keeping.

United States Adopted Name (USAN) see United States Adopted Name (USAN).

Nandina domestica horticultural plant in family Berberidaceae; can cause cyanide poisoning; called also sacred or heavenly bamboo.

nandrolone an androgenic, anabolic steroid. The decanoate and phenpropionate esters are long-acting repository preparations. It is also subject to abuse as a performance enhancing drug in human athletes and in racing animals.

nanism [na′niz-m] dwarfism or marked small size from any cause.

Nannizia [nd-niz′e-] see Microsporum.

nanny mature goat doe.

nano- (n) [Gr.] dwarf, small size; prefix used in the metric system of measurement to designate an amount 10⁻⁹ (one-thousand- millionth) the size of the unit to which it is joined, e.g. nanogram (ng).

nanocephaly [nan″o-sef′–le] microcephaly.

nanocormia [nan″o-kor′me-] abnormal smallness of the body or trunk.

nanocurie (nCi) [nan″o-ku′re] a non-SI unit of radioactivity, being 10⁻⁹ curie, or the quantity of radioactive material in which the number of nuclear disintegrations is 3.7 × 10, or 37, per second. Now replaced by the becquerel.

nanogram [nan′o-gram] one-thousand-millionth (10⁻⁹) gram.

nanoid [nan′oid] dwarfish.

nanomelus [nan-om′-ls] micromelus.

nanometer [nan′o-me″tr] a unit of linear measure or wave length equal to one-thousand-millionth (lO^-9) of a meter; nm; millimicron.

nanophthalmia [nan″of-thal′me-] nanophthalmos.

nanophthalmos [nan″of-thal′ms] congenital abnormal smallness in all dimensions of one or both eyes in the absence of other ocular defects. Called also pure microphthalmos.

nanophthalmus [nan″of-thal′ms] 1. nanophthalmos. 2. an animal affected with nanophthalmos.

nanophyetiasis [nan″o-fi″-ti′-sis] see salmon poisoning.

Nanophyetus [nan″o-fi′-ts] a genus of digenetic trematodes in the family Nanophyetidae, parasites in the intestines of mammals.

N. salmincola found in the small intestines of cats, dogs and many small, wild mammals, and occasionally in piscivorous birds and humans. The second intermediate host is fish. The fluke carries the rickettsia that causes salmon poisoning and Elokomin fluke fever in the terminal host.

nanosecond (ns, nsec) [nan′o-sek″ond] one-thousand-millionth (lO^-9) second.

nanosomia [nan″o-so′me-] dwarfism.

nanous [nan′s] dwarfed; stunted.

Nantucket fever human babesiosis.

nanus [nă′nds] a dwarf.

Nanyang cattle Chinese draft cattle, usually red with gray or white spots.

nape [nāp] the back of the neck. Called also nucha.

naphazoline [naf-az′o-lēn] a sympathomimetic used topically as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of conjunctivitis.

naphthalene [naf′thd-lēn] a hydrocarbon from coal tar oil.

chlorinated n. see chlorinated naphthalenes.

naphthalophos a species-specific anthelmintic against Haemonchus contortus, most useful in areas where benzimidazole resistance has developed in the worm population and where frequent treatment is necessary. It also has the advantage that it is used at a single dose level for sheep of all sizes. It is an organophosphate compound but is safe at the recommended dose rates. Higher dose rates are of moderate efficiency against most intestinal nematodes of sheep, but may be toxic. Called also naftalofos.

naphthlindandione an anticoagulant rodenticide, related to warfarin.

naphthol [nafthol] a phenol occurring in coal tar: a-naphthol (1-hydroxynaphthalene) or β-naphthol (2-hydroxynaphthalene). It has antiseptic properties and is used in compound form as a skin antiseptic.

2-naphthylamine an industrial chemical identified as a urinary bladder carcinogen.

α-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) a rodenticide. Causes fatal pericardial and pleural effusion and pulmonary edema in most domestic animal species if taken accidentally. Little used nowadays.

Napier grass Pennisetum purpureum. Called also elephant grass.

napkin ring lesion a circumferential adenocarcinoma of the rectum, often a cause of rectal stricture.

naproxen [n-prok′sn] a propionic acid derivative with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity (a nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agent); associated with severe gastrointestinal toxic- ity in dogs and cats.

napsylate [nap′s-lāt] USAN contraction for 2-naphthalenesulfonate. narasin [nar′-sin] an ionophore (polyether of monocarboxylic acid produced by Streptomyces aureofaciens) used as an aid to gastrointestinal absorption and to improve weight gains as for monensin. Causes poisoning similar to monensin poisoning.

Narcissus [nahr-sis′s] European genus of plants in the family Liliaceae. Includes the daffodil and narcissus. Can be poisonous if plant residues, especially bulbs, are ingested by animals because of the high content of lycorine, which causes salivation, vomiting and diarrhea.

narc(o)- word element. [Gr.] stupor, stuporous state.

narcolepsy [nahr′ko-lep″se] brief, transient episodes of acute loss of consciousness, often precipitated by exercise or excitement, with partial to complete loss of muscle tone. It occurs in dogs and rarely cats and is thought to be inherited in Doberman pinschers, Shetland ponies, miniature horses and Suffolk horses.

narcosis [nahr-ko′sis] a reversible state of central nervous system depression induced by a drug.

basal n., basis n. narcosis with complete unconsciousness, amnesia and analgesia.

narcotic [nahr-kot′ik] 1. pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. a drug that produces insensibility or stupor. In veterinary medicine the term narcotic includes any drug that has this effect, but care is needed to avoid confusion with the more common usage of the word to mean the habit-forming drugs—for example, opiates such as morphine and heroin, and synthetic drugs such as meperidine. These can be legally obtained for use in animals only with a veterinarian’s prescription. The sale or possession of narcotics for other than strictly therapeutic purposes is prohibited by law.

n. analgesics opiate derivatives such as morphine and etorphine.

n. antagonists substances used to reverse the effects of morphine derivatives. They include naloxone, and partial antagonists such as levallorphan and nalorphine.

n. antitussives cough suppressants, usually containing codeine.

narcotize [nahr′ko-tīz] to put under the influence of a narcotic.

nardoo see Marsilea drummondii.

nares [na′re] [L.] plural of naris; the openings of the nasal cavity. See also nostril, choana.

caudal n. see choana.

holorhinal n. the type of external nostrils found in many gallinaceous and anserine birds. The nostril does not reach beyond the naso-frontal hinge.

schizorhinal n. a kind of nostril found in some birds. The external nares are long and slit-like and extend caudally beyond the nasal-frontal hinge.

stenotic n. a congenital anomaly found most commonly in brachycephalic dogs. There is inspiratory dyspnea, often forcing open-mouth breathing, and sometimes coughing or gagging. Associated anomalies, such as elongated soft palate and everted laryngeal saccules, are common, as are secondary changes in the respiratory tract, including laryngeal and tracheal collapse. See also brachycephalic obstructive syndrome.

narrow-leaved sumpweed see Iva angustifolia.

Narthecium [nahr-the′se-m] toxic plant genus in the family Liliaceae; contain steroidal saponins which cause alveld, a crystal-associated cholangiohepatopathy and a resulting jaundice and photosensitive dermatitis; contain 3-methoxy-2(5H)-furanone causing nephrosis; includes N. asiaticum, N. ossifragum (bog asphodel).

narwhal an Arctic whale (Monodon monoceros) with an extraordinary dentition. It has only two teeth, neither of which erupt in the female and usually only the left one in the male where it grows as an elongated, spiral tusk, up to nine feet in length.

nasal pertaining to the nose.

n. acariasis characterized by mild nasal discharge and hyper- emia, occasionally severe rhinitis. See alsoPneumonyssoides caninum.

n. actinobacillosis a chronic granulomatous lesion in the nasal cavity of the sheep, causing nasal obstruction and discharge, usually unilaterally.

n. amyloidosis in horses analogous to AL-amyloidosis in humans; can occur independently of a generalized disease, affecting nasal vestibule and anterior septum and turbinates. Usually presents with mild nasal discharge, labored breathing and occasionally epistaxis with sufficient nodular or diffuse deposits to obstruct the nasal passage.

n. areae, n. plane the polygonal, raised, epidermal markings on the skin of the nasolabial plane of the dog. The pattern of marking is individual to each dog and can be used for identification, similar to the use of fingerprints in humans.

n. breath flow of the breath from the nostrils as distinct from the breath from the mouth.

n. breath volume as determined by holding the palms of the hands in front of the nostrils; diminution or cessation of flow are readily appreciated.

n. catarrh chronic nasal discharge without obvious physical cause. A specific problem of unknown etiology in rabbits, although Bordetella bronchiseptica is thought to be implicated. Manifested by sneezing, constant nasal and ocular discharge and matting of the fur on the insides of the forelimbs. Called also snuffles.

n. cavity erectile tissue erectile tissue present only in some patients; usually collapsed.

n. cavity hemorrhage see epistaxis.

N-2: Nasal deviation in a horse.

From Knottenbelt DC, Pascoe RR, Diseases and Disorders of the Horse. Saunders, 2003.

n. cavity obstruction by mucosal inflammation, foreign body, neoplasm; detected by assessing the nasal breath flow.

n. cavity olfactory region located on ethmoturbinates, turbinates and nasal septum; covered by olfactory epithelium including sustentacular, basal and olfactory cells.

n. cavity respiratory region covers most of the cavities; covered by respiratory epithelium containing many, mainly serous, glands and carrying cilia.

n. cavity-sinuses see paranasal sinuses.

n. cavity vestibular region place of transition from skin to respiratory epithelium.

n. conchae see Table 10.

n. cycling reciprocal change in degree of congestion between nostrils; when the mucosa of one nasal cavity becomes congested the mucosal congestion of the opposite nasal cavity diminishes.

n. deviation 1. occurs as a congenital deviation of the maxilla and nasal septum and leads to malocclusion of the maxillary teeth. 2. can occur as a result of altered osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity from bacterial exotoxins as occurs in atrophic rhinitis. 3. in older animals can result from paranasal sinus cysts or sinonasal neoplasia.

n. discharge may be unilateral or bilateral, serous, purulent, hemorrhagic, or contain food material.

n. diverticulum see nasal diverticulum.

encapsulated n. hematoma persistent because of its size; blood is accumulated under respiratory mucosa so as to resemble a polyp. Like a polyp the hematoma obstructs the flow of breath through the nasal cavity.

enzootic n. adenocarcinoma contagious neoplasm of the ethmoidal turbinates with sporadic but world-wide occurrence in sheep and goats; may be clustered on some farms. Caused by enzootic nasal tumor virus-1, a beta-retrovirus with close homology to the jaagsiekte retrovirus. A disease of mature animals manifest with seromucous and seropurulent nasal discharge, sneezing, stertorous respiration, facial deformity in some, progressive weight loss and death in 3–6 months. Adenocarcinomas which occur as soft, greyish-tan, cauliflower-like neoplasms develop in the ethmoidal area and compress, invade and replace adjacent bones of the head. Called also enzootic nasal tumor.

N-3: Nasal discharge of mucous and milk in a calf with a cleft palate.

n. fold see facial fold¹.

n. foreign bodies take the form of grass seeds or sticks poked up while the animal is scratching its muzzle in allergic rhinitis, especially in cattle. Cause sneezing, nasal discharge, inspiratory dyspnea, snoring noise and rubbing of the nose. Foreign bodies may be viewable or palpable.

n. fossa see nasal fossa.

n. fundus the caudal part of the nasal cavity, close to the ethmoid bone.

n. granuloma see enzootic nasal granuloma, mycotic nasal granuloma,Schistosoma nasalis.

n. hematoma cause unilateral nasal obstruction; are usually the result of foreign body injury, rarely due to inept passage of a nasal tube or endoscope. See also progressive ethmoidal hematoma.

n. hemorrhage see epistaxis. Called also rhinorrhagia, nose bleed.

n. meatus see nasal cavity.

n. mucosal inflammation see rhinitis.

n. obstruction causes respiratory stertor, mouth breathing, and small airstreams from the nostrils. It may be caused by a palpable foreign body.

n. odor smell of the nasal breath; may be necrotic, smell of ketones.

n. passage see nasal cavity.

n. plane see nasal plane.

n. polyp see nasal polyp.

progressive n. hematoma see progressive ethmoidal hematoma.

n. schistosomiasis infection with the blood flukeSchistosoma, which is largely asymptomatic but can cause dyspnea, snoring and profuse nasal discharge.

n. septum a vertical plate of bone and cartilage covered with mucous membrane that divides the cavity of the nose. See also septum.

n. sinus see paranasal sinus.

n. swab cotton swab on a stick, passed up the nostril to obtain a sample of exudate and epithelial debris for microbiological or cellular examination.

n. turbinates nasal conchae; see Table 10.

n. vestibule the part of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils that is lined with skin.

n. wash, n. flush flushing of the nasal cavity, usually with sterile saline, to recover cells or infectious agents for cytology or culture.

nascent [nas′nt, na′snt] 1. being born; just coming into existence. 2. just liberated from a chemical reaction, and hence more reactive.

n. DNA see Okazaki fragments.

nasion [na′ze-on] a landmark found at the middle point of the frontonasal suture.

nas(o)- word element. [L.] nose.

nasociliary [na″zo-sil′e-ar″e] pertaining to the eyes, brow, and root of the nose.

nasodigital pertaining to the specialized epidermal tissue of the planum nasale and footpads of carnivores.

nasofrontal [na″zo-fron′tl] pertaining to the nasal and frontal bones.

nasogastric [na″zo-gas′trik] pertaining to the nasal cavity and the stomach.

n. tube see nasogastric tube.

nasolabial [na″zo-la′be-l] pertaining to the nose and lip.

n. gland multilobular, tubuloalveolar, seromucoid g ands in the muzzle and lips of cattle, sheep, goats.

nasolabiogram labiogram.

nasolacrimal [na″zo-lak′r-ml] pertaining to the nose and lacrimal apparatus.

n. apparatus see lacrimal apparatus.

n. duct see lacrimal duct.

n. duct obstruction congenital or acquired blockage of the nasolacrimal duct causing ipsilateral epiphora. May result from foreign bodies, accumulation of inflammatory debris, or neoplasia, inflammation, or injury of the duct or surrounding nasal tissues.

n. furrow formed in the embryo by the fusion of the maxillary process and the lateral nasal fold; develops eventually into the nasolacrimal duct.

n. groove nasolacrimal furrow.

n. radiography see dacryocystorhinography.

n. sac see lacrimal sac.

n. system see lacrimal apparatus.

nasomaxillary pertaining to the maxilla and the nasal cavity.

n. aperture see nasomaxillary aperture.

nasomyiasis infection of the nasal cavity by fly larvae. See Oestrus ovis.

naso-oral pertaining to the nose and mouth.

nasopalatine [na″zo-pal′-tīn] pertaining to the nose and palate.

nasopharyngeal [na″zo-f-rin′je-l] pertaining to the nasal and pha- ryngeal cavities.

n. meatus see nasopharyngeal meatus.

n. polyp see nasopharyngeal polyp.

n. spasm see reverse sneeze.

n. stenosis seen mainly in cats where scar tissue forms above the soft palate, probably as a result of previous trauma or inflammation, obstructing airflow through the nasopharynx. There is stenorous and open-mouth breathing.

n. swab a sterile swab inside a plastic sleeve is passed up the nostril to the pharynx, the swab exteriorized, then withdrawn inside the sleeve and the appliance withdrawn.

nasopharyngitis [na″zo-far″in-ji′tis] inflammation of the nasopharynx.

nasopharyngolaryngoscope [na″zo-f-ring″go-l-ring′go-skōp] a flexible fiberoptic endoscope for examining the nasopharynx and larynx.

nasopharyngoscopy [na″zo-far″in-gos′k-pe] visual examination of the pharynx via a fiberscope passed up the nostril.

nasopharynx [na″zo-far′inks] the part of the pharynx above the soft palate.

nasosinusitis [na″zo-si″ns-i′tis] inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.

nasty child syndrome constrictive foreign bodies, usually rubber bands or string, applied around the scrotum, muzzle, neck, tail or limbs of dogs or cats.

nasus [na′ss] [L.] nose.

natal [na′tl] 1. pertaining to birth. 2. pertaining to the nates (buttocks).

natality [na-talĩ-te] the birth rate.

natamycin [nat″-mi′sin] a polyene antibiotic used in topical treatment of fungal infections of the skin, eye and nasal cavity.

nates [na′tēz] [L.] the buttocks.

natimortality [na″t-mor-talĩ-te] the proportion of stillbirths to the general birth rate.

National Animal Disease Center (NADC) a central research facility of the Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, located in Ames, Iowa conducting basic and applied research on diseases of livestock and poultry.

National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) established in 1983 for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on animal health, management, and productivity across the USA. It conducts national studies on the health and health management of America’s domestic livestock populations.

National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America (NAVTA) provides direction, education, support and coordination for its members, and works with other allied professional organizations for the competent care and humane treatment of animals.

National cautery kit for electrocautery which includes a rheostat, pistol and appropriate cautery tips. The pistol is a handheld applicator with a finger operated on-off switch.

National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense (FAZD Center) focuses on research, education and outreach relating to exotic animal, emerging, and/or zoonotic diseases. Founded in April 2004 as a Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence, the FAZD Center leverages the resources of multiple major universities and minority serving Institutions.

National Fallen Stock Scheme in the UK, a voluntary, nationally coordinated collection and disposal service for dead farm animals to comply with EU regulations which ban on-farm burial or incineration.

National Formulary (NF) see United States National Formulary.

National Institute for Research in Dairying at Reading, UK, this was for many years the world’s leading institution for research into dairying, especially in the fields of mastitis and milking procedure. Called also NIRD. Now called Animal Grassland Research Institute.

National Office of Animal Health (NOAH) an organization representing the animal medicine industry in the United Kingdom. It aims to provide safe, effective, quality medicines for the treatment and welfare of animals.

National Organic Program USDA national program that develops, implements, and administers national production, handling, and labeling standards for organic agricultural products. It accredits certifying agents (foreign and domestic) to inspect organic production to certify that it meets USDA requirements.

National Research Council (NRC) a body representing the (United States) National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine, and established to further knowledge and advise the US government. It issues a series of publications on the nutrient requirements of each species of domestic animal, laboratory animals, primates and fish.

National Residue Program a testing program for chemical residues in domestic and imported meat, poultry and egg products. Administered by the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the USDA.

National Surveillance Unit (NSU) established in 2003, it is solely concerned with animal disease surveillance and surveillance enhancement. It coordinates activities related to US animal health surveillance and is intended to facilitate the development of a National Animal Health Surveillance System.

National Veterinary Accreditation Program (NVAP) a voluntary program in the USA that certifies private veterinary practitioners to work cooperatively with Federal veterinarians and State animal health officials to ensure State and Federal animal health regulations and to ensure that exported animals will not introduce diseases into another State or country. Participating veterinarians must be licensed in the State(s) where they participate and practice.

natremia [n-tre′me-] see hypernatremia.

natrium (Na) [L.] sodium.

natriuresis [na″tre-u-re′sis] the excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine.

natriuretic [na″tre-u-ret′ik] 1. pertaining to or promoting natriuresis. 2. an agent that promotes natriuresis.

n. peptides key regulators of salt and water homeostasis, and blood pressure. They are valuable biomarkers, particularly of congestive leart failure. Includes atrial natriuretic peptide (AnP), brain or B-type (BNP), C-type (CNP), dendroaspis (DNP), and urodilatin.

natural [nach′-rl] occurs in nature, without the intervention of humans.

n. focus the ecology that is best suited to a biological system, e.g. an individual insect-borne disease; the area in which the disease naturally flourishes best; an ecological niche.

n. history history of a process or organism as it occurs in nature, e.g. course of a disease from infection to resolution.

naturally bred see bull-bred herd.

naturopath [na′chr-o-path″] a practitioner of naturopathy.

naturopathy [na″chr-op′-the] an early American system of healing that views disease as a manifestation of alterations in the processes by which the body naturally heals itself. It emphasizes health restoration as well as disease treatment using diet modification, nutritional supplements, herbal medicine, acupuncture, Chinese medicine, hydrotherapy, massage, joint manipulation and lifestyle counseling.

nausea [naw′ze-] a subjective sensation in humans which probably occurs in animals. It is an unpleasant sensation, vaguely referred to the epigastrium and abdomen, with a tendency to vomit. In dogs and cats, observed as hypersalivation with repeated licking and swallowing. Nausea may be a symptom of a variety of disorders, some minor and some more serious. Nausea is usually felt when nerve endings in the stomach and other parts of the body are irritated, e.g. in motion sickness. The irritated nerves send messages to the center in the brain that controls the vomiting reflex. When the nerve irritation becomes intense, vomiting results.

navel [na′vl] the umbilicus, the scar marking the site of entry of the umbilical cord into the fetal belly.

n. bleeding a problem in young piglets, up to 2 days old. Blood oozes from navel causing severe anemia, frequently death: prefar- rowing vitamin C for more than 6 days before farrowing prevents most outbreak problems; called also umbilical hemorrhage.

n. ill see omphalitis. Called also omphalophlebitis.

navelwort Cotyledon umbilicus.

navicular [n-vik′u-lr] boat-shaped; applied to certain bones, such as the navicular bones of the horse’s foot and human ankle.

n. block a specially carved block of wood in which a horse’s foot is lodged to enable a radiograph of the navicular bone to be taken at a suitable angle.

n. bone 1. the distal sesamoid bone of a horse’s foot; it lies on the palmar side of the coffin joint and serves to change the direction of the deep digital flexor tendon as it inserts on the distal phalanx. Its palmar surface is covered with fibrocartilage, its dorsal surface with hyaline cartilage and its dorsal surface is pocked with a row of nutrient foramina. Called also distal sesamoid bone. 2. (rare) the central tarsal bone.

n. bursa inflammation in the horse may contain Brucella abortus; a cause of intermittent lameness.

n. disease a chronic degeneration of the navicular bone in which there is damage to its flexor surface and the overlying flexor tendon in the front feet of horses. There may be an accompanying navicular bursitis and osteophyte formation. Characterized by intermittent lameness and pointing when the animal is standing. Called also podotrochlitis.

NAVLE North American Veterinary Licensing Examination.

NAVTA National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America.

Nb chemical symbol, niobium.

NBE net base excretion in urine. See net acid excretion.

NCAHS National Center for Animal Health Surveillance, USA. Contains two distinct units, the National Surveillance Unit (NSU) and the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) unit.

NCBA National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, the major association of cattle breeders, producers and feeders in the USA. Once called the National Cattlemen’s Association.

nCi nanocurie; see becquerel.

NCS not clinically significant.

Nd chemical symbol, neodymium.

N’Dama a West African small, humpless type of beef cattle, fawn, dun or light red in color, with lyre or crescent horns. There are a large number of varieties.

NDF neutral detergent fiber.

NE Nomina Embryologica.

Ne chemical symbol, neon.

Neapolitan farcy see epizootic lymphangitis.

near-drowning nonfatal water inhalation. There is severe injury to the lungs and hypoxia.

Near East fat-tailed a group of sheep breeds used for milk, meat or carpetwool; white, white with a colored face, black, brown or broken colored. Males are horned, females are polled; tails are fat, S-shaped and bi-lobed. Called also Semitic fat-tailed.

near-far-far-near suture pattern an excellent tension suture. The first bite is made at right angles to the wound and close to it, under the wound, to emerge a long way from the wound, on the far side. The second bite begins closer to the wound, and crosses underneath it to emerge beyond the first point of entry. The two ends are tied there.

near-side a horse’s left-hand side.

nearest neighbor the basis for the means of analyzing the spatial relations of free-living populations; consists of measuring distance between infected herds and their nearest neighbors.

nearthrosis [ne″ahr-thro′sis] a false or artificial joint.

neat an archaic word for cattle.

neatsfoot oil an oil manufactured by boiling cattle hooves. Used in leather maintenance.

Nebovirus a genus in the family Caliciviridae for which the type species Newbury virus, which causes calf diarrhea.

Nebraska virus the calf diarrheaRotavirus.

nebula [neb′u-l] a small corneal opacity. See also macula and leukoma.

nebulization [neb″u-l-za′sh] 1. conversion into a spray. 2. treatment by a spray.

nebulizer [neb′u-li″zr] an atomizer; a device for creating an aerosol.

Necator [ne-ka′tor] a genus of hookworm in the subfamily Necatorinae.

N. americanus the common hookworm of humans, found also in pigs and dogs.

N. suillus see N. americanus (above), found in pigs.

necatoriasis [ne-ka″to-ri′-sis] infection with organisms of the genus Necator; hookworm disease. Manifested by anemia and melena.

neck [nek] a constricted portion, such as the part connecting the head and trunk of the body, or the constricted part of an organ, as of the uterus (cervix uteri) or other structure.

n. band a band worn around the neck of a dairy cow, attached to which is a name or number plate or plaque.

n. chain used to tether dairy cows in standing stalls in enclosed barns; attached to the cow by a leather or webbing neck band.

n. collar a part of most horse draft harnesses, providing a point of attachment for plow chains or cart or buggy harness. Made of leather stuffed with straw and lined with felt, it closes over the top of the neck, just in front of the withers, lies on the front of the shoulder and is a support for the hames to which the traces or chains are actually attached. Pressure from a badly fitted collar can cause suprascapular nerve paralysis or sweeny.

ewe n. a concave neck; a fault in conformation in most species except sheep.

femoral n. the column of bone connecting the head of the femur its shaft.

n. flexion abnormal presentation of the fetus, with the head and neck deviated ventrally and its dorsal flexure at the pelvis. Ventral deviation of the head and neck.

humeral n. the constriction of the humerus just distal to its head.

n. lesion resorption of tooth structure around the cemento- enamel junction. See feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions, cervical line lesions.

n. reining see neck rein.

tooth n. the narrowed part of certain teeth, between the crown and the root; where the cementum meets the enamel.

n. twist injury see head twist injury.

uterine n., n. of uterus cervix uteri.

wry n. see torticollis. n. yoke see headstock.

neck stab [nek] see evernazione.

neckbread butcher’s term for the cervical segment of the thymus.

necklace [nek′ls] bands of color across the lower neck and chest of cats.

necrectomy [nek-rek′t-me] excision of necrosed tissue.

necr(o)- word element. [Gr.] death.

necrobacillosis [nek″ro-bas″ĩ-lo′sis] 1. tissue damage, especially in liver, caused by infection by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Manifested usually as areas of necrosis, occasionally as cellulitis or phlegmon. The pus has a characteristic rotting odor. See also hepatic abscess. 2. a sporadic infection in rabbits with Fusobac- terium necrophorum; characterized by necrosis, ulceration and abscessation on the face, head and neck, but can be more widespread and affect viscera. Called also Schmorl’s disease.

interdigital n. see bovine footrot.

oral n. an infectious stomatitis of calves caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. There are deep necrotic ulcers in the mouth, e.g. lateral to the molar teeth, foul breath, drooling saliva, fever and toxemia. See also calf diphtheria. Called also necrotic stomatitis.

ruminal n. see ruminal necrobacillosis.

necrobiosis [nek″ro-bi-o′sis] the physiological death of individual effete cells in any tissue; a normal mechanism in the constant turnover of many cell populations. See also apoptosis.

nodular n. multiple, cutaneous nodules of unknown etiology on the neck, withers and back of the horse. They are composed of degenerate collagen and an eosinophilic and granulomatous response. Called also equine nodular collagenolytic granuloma or eosinophilic granuloma.

N-4: Necrobacillosis.

From van Dijk JE, Gruys E, Mouwen JMVM, Color Atlas of Veterinary Pathology.

necrocytosis [nek″ro-si-to′sis] death and decay of cells.

necrogenic [nek″ro-jen′ik] productive of necrosis or death.

necrogenous [n-kroj′-ns] originating or arising from dead matter.

necrology [n-krol′-je] statistics or records of death.

necrolysis [n-krolĩ-sis] separation or exfoliation of necrotic tissue.

toxic epidermal n. an acute exfoliative disease of skin and mucous membranes in dogs, cats and monkeys. Characterized by full thickness epidermal necrosis and accompanied by erythema, vesicles, bullae and ulcers, and systemic signs of fever, anorexia and lethargy. It is associated with concurrent infections or neoplasia, and drug reactions.

necroparasite an organism that lives in dead tissue.

necrophagous [n-krof ′-gs] feeding upon dead flesh.

necrophilous [n-krof′-ls] showing a preference for dead tissue; said of microorganisms.

necropneumonia [nek″ro-noo-mo′ne-] gangrenous pneumonia.

necropsy [nek′rop-se] examination of a body after death. See also autopsy.

necrose [nek′rōs] to become necrotic or to undergo necrosis.

necrosis [n-kro′sis] pl. necroses [Gr.] death of tissues or individual cells within a living animal.

aseptic n. necrosis without infection.

caseous n. necrosis in which the dead tissue becomes completely amorphous, having lost all architectural features. Is typically crumbly or semi-solid (’cheesy’) in texture. Typically seen in the center of mature abscesses.

central n. necrosis affecting the central portion of an affected organ, cell or lobule of the liver.

cheesy n. see caseous necrosis (above).

coagulation n., coagulative n. death of cells, the protoplasm of the cells becoming fixed and opaque by coagulation of the protein elements, the cellular outline persisting. The original tissue architecture can still be discerned in histological sections of affected tissue.

colliquative n. see liquefactive necrosis (below).

ischemic n. necrosis of any tissue due to interruption of its blood supply.

liquefactive n. necrosis in which the necrotic material becomes softened and liquefied; may be removed leaving a cavity.

moist n. necrosis in which the dead tissue is wet and soft.

n. necrosis see Roeckl’s granuloma.

Zenker’s n. hyaline degeneration and necrosis of striated muscle; called also Zenker’s degeneration.

necrospermia [nek″ro-spur′me-] a condition in which the spermatozoa are dead or motionless. See also immotile cilia syndrome.

necrotic [n-krot′ik] of or pertaining to cell death.

n. cervicovaginitis necrosis in cows and ewes, usually as a result of trauma during parturition.

n. colitis common in older cats as a cause of chronic, foul, bloody diarrhea.

n. dermatitis gangrene and necrosis of inflamed, wet skin caused by Clostridium septicum; characterized by a sudden onset of severe depression, a short course of a few hours and a high death rate; mostly in 4–16 week old chicks.

n. ear syndrome extensive necrosis of ear edges in baby pigs probably caused by biting by pen mates plus Staphylococcus hyicus.

n. enteritis 1. subacute or chronic enteritis in pigs, usually a sequel to an acute episode of enteritis caused by Salmonella spp. or Campylobacter hyointestinalis or Lawsonia intracellularis coupled with other anaerobic flora. Characterized by unthriftiness, and intermittent or chronic diarrhea. 2. an acute, rapidly fatal necro- hemorrhagic enteritis in young chickens caused by Clostridium perfringens type C. 3. an alternate name for enterotoxemia in piglets caused by Clostridium perfringens type C.

n. glossitis necrosis and loss of the tip of the tongue in feeder steers; cause unknown.

n. hepatitis see infectious necrotic hepatitis.

n. laryngitis see calf diphtheria.

n. rhinitis a cellulitis of soft tissues of the face and nose of pigs. The face is swollen and the nasal cavity occluded. It causes dyspnea, stertor and difficult mastication. Fusobacterium necrophorum is the cause, usually entering through fight wounds. Called also bullnose.

N-5: Necrotic enteritis.

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