Insulin Basic Information Definition • Hyperinsulinemia: Increased circulating concentration of insulin • Hypoinsulinemia: Decreased circulating concentration of insulin Typical Normal Range (US Units; SI Units) 0 to 35.9 pmol/L; 0 to 5 µU/mL Physiology Insulin is a polypeptide pancreatic hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Preproinsulin is produced by ribosomes of the beta cells and quickly cleaved to proinsulin and stored in secretory granules of the Golgi complex. Proinsulin is then cleaved to form insulin, C-peptide, and split peptides. Insulin’s primary role in the body involves the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood, by promoting the uptake, utilization, or storage of glucose by hepatocytes, myocytes, and adipocytes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake into myocytes and adipocytes via the glucose transporter GLUT-4 but is not required for other carriers. Insulin secretion is stimulated by increasing blood concentrations of glucose, growth hormone, glucagon, or amino acids. The sequence of the insulin molecule is highly conserved between species. Equine insulin has one amino acid difference from porcine insulin, which has one amino acid difference from human insulin. Causes of Abnormally High Levels Elevations in circulating insulin concentrations are typically due to increased insulin production and release either due to hyperglycemia (appropriate response) or a functional beta cell neoplasia in the pancreas. Exogenously administered insulin will also falsely elevate baseline concentrations. Anti-insulin antibodies may result in a false elevation in insulin concentrations determined by certain assays.< div class='tao-gold-member'> Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related Related posts: Aggressive Stallion Behavior Aflatoxin Toxicosis Biliary Atresia Black Widow Spider Toxicosis Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel Join Tags: Clinical Veterinary Advisor The Horse Jul 24, 2016 | Posted by admin in SMALL ANIMAL | Comments Off on Insulin Full access? Get Clinical Tree
Insulin Basic Information Definition • Hyperinsulinemia: Increased circulating concentration of insulin • Hypoinsulinemia: Decreased circulating concentration of insulin Typical Normal Range (US Units; SI Units) 0 to 35.9 pmol/L; 0 to 5 µU/mL Physiology Insulin is a polypeptide pancreatic hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Preproinsulin is produced by ribosomes of the beta cells and quickly cleaved to proinsulin and stored in secretory granules of the Golgi complex. Proinsulin is then cleaved to form insulin, C-peptide, and split peptides. Insulin’s primary role in the body involves the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood, by promoting the uptake, utilization, or storage of glucose by hepatocytes, myocytes, and adipocytes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake into myocytes and adipocytes via the glucose transporter GLUT-4 but is not required for other carriers. Insulin secretion is stimulated by increasing blood concentrations of glucose, growth hormone, glucagon, or amino acids. The sequence of the insulin molecule is highly conserved between species. Equine insulin has one amino acid difference from porcine insulin, which has one amino acid difference from human insulin. Causes of Abnormally High Levels Elevations in circulating insulin concentrations are typically due to increased insulin production and release either due to hyperglycemia (appropriate response) or a functional beta cell neoplasia in the pancreas. Exogenously administered insulin will also falsely elevate baseline concentrations. Anti-insulin antibodies may result in a false elevation in insulin concentrations determined by certain assays.< div class='tao-gold-member'> Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related Related posts: Aggressive Stallion Behavior Aflatoxin Toxicosis Biliary Atresia Black Widow Spider Toxicosis Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel Join Tags: Clinical Veterinary Advisor The Horse Jul 24, 2016 | Posted by admin in SMALL ANIMAL | Comments Off on Insulin Full access? Get Clinical Tree
