• 1.000, 39, 40, 41, 116, 118–120, 124, 207

a

• AAHA see American Animal Hospital Association
  
• AAVMC see American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges
  
• acanthocytes, blood films  64, 65, 290
  
• access to care  6
  
• acetoacetic acid  139
  
• acetone  102, 139
  
• acid‐fast stain  197
  
• acidic urine  140, 144, 301
  
• acidosis
  
  
  
  • metabolic  140, 261
    
  • respiratory  140
  
  
• acromegaly  77
  
• ACTH simulation test, 19, 20
  
• activated clotting time (ACT)  94–97, 258–266, 291–297
  
• activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT/aPTT)  94, 97, 261, 292, 297
  
• acute hemorrhagic diarrhea see hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
  
• acute leukemia  48, 252–253
  
• Addison’s disease see hypoadrenocorticism
  
• ADH see antidiuretic hormone
  
• adjustable condenser, microscopes  151, 152
  
• adrenocortical abnormalities  78
  
  
  
  • see also hyperadrenocorticism; hypoadrenocorticism
  
  
• adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test  78
  
• Aelurostrongylus spp.  211, 227–228
  
• agglutination, see also immune‐mediated erythrocyte agglutination; saline agglutination test
  
• aggregation of erythrocytes  58–59, 89–93
  
• alanine aminotransferase (ALT)  44, 183–184
  
• albumin
  
  
  
  • hypoalbuminemia  237, 238, 241
    
  • plasma total protein  38, 43–44
    
  • urine protein test  141
    
  • urine specific gravity effect  116, 117
  
  
• albumin to globulin (A:G) ratio  38
  
• Albustix®  130
  
• alkaline urine  140, 144
  
• alkalosis
  
  
  
  • metabolic  140
    
  • respiratory  140
  
  
• allergen‐associated enteropathy  310
  
• ALT see alanine aminotransferase
  
• American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA)  10–11
  
• American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC)  11
  
• American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)  10, 11
  
• ammonium biurate crystals, urine sediment examination  155
  
• ammonium chloride  140
  
• amoebae  175, 191, 228
  
• amphetamine  130
  
• amyloidosis  43, 141
  
• anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma  126, 300
  
• Anaplasma phagocytophilum 67, 258
  
• Ancylostoma caninum  210, 223
  
• Ancylostoma tubaeforme  223
  
• anemia
  
  
  
  • blood films  35, 59, 64, 69
    
  • blood loss in feces  186
    
  • clinical case examples  253–258
    
  • hookworm infestation  307
    
  • immune‐mediated  89, 92
    
  • packed cell volume test  29, 34–35
    
  • pale mucous membranes  29, 187
  
  
• anorexia
  
  
  
  • clinical case examples  249–253
    
  • feline panleukopenia  185
    
  • suggestive of renal disease  80
    
  • trichomoniasis  192
  
  
• anthelmintics see deworming
  
• antibody‐specific cross‐linkage  89, 92
  
• anticoagulants
  
  
  
  • buffy coat analysis  53
    
  • packed cell volume tests  29, 30, 33, 34
    
  • whole blood glucose test  74
    
  • see also ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; heparin
  
  
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)  117, 125, 126, 300
  
• antigen detection tests
  
  
  
  • Giardia spp.  201–202, 227, 228
    
  • parvovirus  184–185
  
  
• antigen receptor rearrangement, polymerase chain reaction test of body cavity fluid  245
  
• appetite
  
  
  
  • history taking for gastrointestinal problems  167, 183, 186, 228
    
  • hyporexia  72, 80, 266
  
  
• APTT or aPTT see activated partial thromboplastin time
  
• arthropods  208
  
• ascarids/ascariasis (roundworms)  162, 180–182, 222, 227, 230
  
• ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 138, 139
  
• asthma  229
  
• atypical blood cells, buffy coat evaluation  46, 53–54
  
• automated analyzer  137, 138
  
• automated hemograms, hemocrit  29, 34
  
• AVMA see American Veterinary Medical Association
  
• Azostix^TM, blood urea nitrogen test  79–83
  
• azotemia  79–80, 82, 113, 125, 126, 127
  
  
  
  • see also blood urea nitrogen

b

• Babesia canis  64, 70
  
• Babesia gibsonii  70
  
• bacteria
  
  
  
  • body cavity fluid analysis  239, 242
    
  • causing diarrhea  174, 175
    
  • dry mount fecal cytology  202–203
    
  • fecal direct smears  193, 195, 197, 200, 202–203, 228
    
  • motile species in fecal smears  191, 195, 197, 200, 228
    
  • overgrowth in stored samples  104, 112
    
  • urine nitrite test  130, 132
    
  • urine odor  112
    
  • urine pH  140, 141
    
  • urine sediment examination  146, 147, 155, 156–157
    
  • see also sepsis
  
  
• bacteriuria  110, 112, 156
  
• Baermann technique/test  163, 183, 227, 228–229
  
• barbiturates  130
  
• barium radiographic contrast agent  176
  
• basophilia  64, 279, 280–281, 306, 307, 309–310
  
• Baylisascaris procyonis  227, 230
  
• BCS see body condition score
  
• Bence–Jones proteins  141
  
• benzodiazepine  130
  
• Besnoitia spp., 226
  
• Beta (β)cell tumor  77
  
• betahydroxybutyrate (β‐hydroxybutyrate), 139
  
• bile  138
  
• bile peritonitis  237, 245
  
• bile pigments
  
  
  
  • body cavity fluid  242, 245
    
  • fecal color  175, 176
    
  • urine color  102, 107, 113
  
  
• biliary disease/dysfunction  132, 164, 176, 183
  
• bilirubin  36, 44, 113, 126, 130, 132, 134, 135, 138–139, 142, 144, 175, 258
  
• bilirubin crystals, urine sediment examination  155, 157
  
• bilirubinuria
  
  
  
  • chemical evaluation  131, 132, 135, 138–139, 144
    
  • cholestatic liver disease  184
    
  • immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia  92
    
  • urine color  102, 107, 113
    
  • urine sediment examination  155
  
  
• biliverdin 107, 139, 175
  
• bladderworm (Pearsonema spp.)  156–157, 230
  
• blind  103, 210
  
• blister cells, blood films  64, 65, 69
  
• blood‐borne infectious agents, buffy coat evaluation  46–47, 48
  
• blood chemistry see serum chemistry profile
  
• blood in feces  176–177
  
  
  
  • see also hematochezia; melena
  
  
• blood film evaluation  55–71
  
  
  
  • add‐on to packed cell volume test  35
    
  • add‐on to saline agglutination test  92
    
  • clinical case examples  249–258, 277–281, 286–291, 314–319
    
  • gross examination  58–59
    
  • microscopic examination  59–64
    
  • relationship to complete blood cell count  55, 70
  
  
• blood film stains  55, 57, 58, 64, 66, 68–69
  
• blood gas analysis  4, 5, 88, 261
  
• blood glucose see whole blood glucose test
  
• blood samples, storage  34, 77
  
• blood tests
  
  
  
  • activated clotting time  94–97
    
  • buffy coat evaluation  46–54
    
  • hematocrit  29, 34
    
  • packed cell volume  29–36
    
  • saline agglutination  89–93
    
  • total protein  37–45
    
  • urea nitrogen  79–83
    
  • whole blood glucose  72–78
    
  • whole blood lactate  84–88
  
  
• blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test  79–83
  
  
  
  • add‐on to urine assessment  113, 127
    
  • causes of change  79–80
    
  • clinical case examples  258–266, 286–291, 297–301, 311–314
    
  • need for additional tests  82–83
  
  
• blood in urine see hematuria
  
• body cavity fluid analysis  235–245
  
  
  
  • add‐on to whole blood lactate  88
    
  • chylous effusion  237, 238, 243, 245
    
  • clinical case examples  266–272, 291–297
    
  • differential diagnoses  237–238
    
  • exudates  237, 238, 241, 244
    
  • hemorrhagic effusion  237, 238, 239, 242–243
    
  • inflammatory effusions  237, 238, 241–242, 244, 245
    
  • lactate concentration  84–85
    
  • neoplastic effusion  237, 244, 245
    
  • transudates  237–238, 240, 241
  
  
• body cavity fluid samples
  
  
  
  • clarity/turbidity  239
    
  • collection  239
    
  • color  239
    
  • cytology slide  239
    
  • reserved for reference laboratory analysis  239
    
  • sediments  239, 240
  
  
• body condition score (BCS)  167–170, 183
  
• body weight see overweight/obesity; weight loss
  
• buffy coat  33, 34, 46–54, 249–253, 277–281
  
• building the relationship  11
  
• BUN see blood urea nitrogen
  
• burr cells, blood films  64, 65, 69

c

• calcium
  
  
  
  • in feces  176
    
  • hypercalcemia  82, 125–126, 300
    
  • in urine  116
  
  
• calcium carbonate, equine urine  111
  
• calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals, urine sediment examination  147, 155
  
• calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, urine sediment examination  147, 155
  
• Calgary–Cambridge model, consultation communication skills  11–12
  
• calibration of refractometers  37, 39–41, 43, 118–120, 121, 124
  
• Camco Quik Stain II^TM stain see Wright–Giemsa stain
  
• Campylobacter spp.  193, 197, 200, 228
  
• canine distemper virus (CDV), inclusions seen in blood cells  46, 48, 54, 64, 67, 68, 69
  
• canine parvovirus (CPV/CPV‐2)  175, 183, 184–185, 186, 203, 273, 276, 277, 302
  
• CAPC see Companion Animal Parasite Council
  
• Capillaria eggs  225, 230
  
• cardiac disease  84, 87, 88, 243
  
• cardiogenic shock, whole blood lactate  87
  
• case management decisions, alternatives to the gold standard  5, 6–7
  
• casts, urine sediment examination  146, 147, 152, 153–154, 157
  
• CBC see complete blood cell count
  
• CDV see canine distemper virus
  
• cellular casts  154
  
• cellular elements, urine sediment examination  152–153
  
• centrifugation
  
  
  
  • balancing  148
    
  • buffy coat evaluation  46, 47
    
  • comparison to passive fecal flotation  211–212, 229
    
  • fecal flotation  211–217, 221, 228
    
  • fixed‐angle centrifuge  213–216
    
  • lysis of erythrocytes  43
    
  • packed cell volume tests  29, 30, 32–34
    
  • turbid/discolored urine  111, 115, 118, 124, 137, 143, 146, 147–149, 152
  
  
• cestodes see tapeworms
  
• checking in, assessing client’s understanding  15–17
  
• chemistry evaluation/full chemistry profile
  
  
  
  • add‐on to blood tests  44, 78, 83
    
  • add‐on to BUN  83
    
  • add‐on to fecal tests  183–184, 227
    
  • add‐on to plasma total protein measurement  44
    
  • add‐on to whole blood glucose test  78
    
  • urine  130–145
    
  • see also serum chemistry profile
  
  
• chloride
  
  
  
  • in urine  116, 117, 132
    
  • see also sodium chloride
  
  
• chlorophyll in feces  176, 177
  
• chronic kidney disease (CKD)  125, 298, 299, 300
  
• Cheyletiella spp., 191, 211
  
• chylous effusion, body cavity fluids  237, 238, 243, 245
  
• cleaning wipes  30, 40, 47, 118, 121, 122
  
• clients
  
  
  
  • asking questions for clarification and understanding  17
    
  • assessing client’s knowledge  17–18
    
  • assessing client understanding through checking in  15–17
    
  • collecting urine samples  105
    
  • health literacy  14
    
  • importance of communication  10, 11
    
  • information availability online  11, 14
  
  
• clinical case examples 248–319
  
  
  
  • activated clotting time  258–266, 291–297
    
  • blood film examination  249–258, 277–281, 286–291, 314–319
    
  • blood urea nitrogen 258–266, 286–291, 297–301, 311–314
    
  • body cavity fluid examination  266–272, 291–297
    
  • buffy coat layer evaluation  249–253, 277–281
    
  • fecal analysis  183, 198–199, 201, 227
    
  • packed cell volume test  253–266, 314–319
    
  • plasma total protein  266–277, 291–301, 314–319
    
  • saline agglutination test  253–258
    
  • Tritrichomonas foetus  198–199, 201
    
  • urinalysis  111–113, 126–127, 141–142
    
  • whole blood glucose test  258–266, 272–277, 281–291
    
  • whole blood lactate test  258–266, 291–297
  
  
• clofazimine 107
  
• closed‐ended questions  9, 166, 227
  
• clotting factors  94–97, 296
  
• Clostridium spp.  175, 191, 193, 228
  
• clown face  204
  
• coagulation36, 37, 69, 94, 95, 97, 152, 245, 261, 265, 296
  
• coagulation factor deficiencies, activated clotting time  94
  
• coagulation profile, add‐on to blood tests  36, 97
  
• coagulopathies  94–97
  
• Coccidia spp., 211, 226
  
• coccidiosis  226, 301
  
• colitis  164, 171, 175, 178, 192, 199, 203
  
• collecting ducts of kidney  82, 117, 154
  
• colloids  117
  
• colonic inflammation (colitis)  164, 171, 175, 178, 192, 199, 203
  
• color
  
  
  
  • body cavity fluid  239
    
  • feces  164, 175–178, 179, 183, 187
    
  • interpretation of reagent test strips  82, 113, 137–138
    
  • urine  102, 105, 106–110, 113, 115, 316
    
  • see also icterus
  
  
• colorimetric test strips see reagent test strips
  
• communication
  
  
  
  • addressing cost of care in consultations  20–22
    
  • assessing client’s knowledge  17–18
    
  • checking in to assess client’s understanding  15–17
    
  • consultation room strategies  9–26
    
  • essential skills in diagnosis‐making  11–12
    
  • evolution in human healthcare  9–10
    
  • evolution in veterinary healthcare  10–11
    
  • health literacy  13–14
    
  • rationale for diagnostic tests  15
    
  • signposting  18–20
    
  • veterinary training  6, 10–11
  
  
• Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC)  163, 210, 211
  
• complete blood cell count (CBC)
  
  
  
  • add‐on testing  78, 88, 97, 183, 228
    
  • relationship to blood films  55, 70
  
  
• compliance  13, 14
  
• concentration of urine  106, 115, 116–117, 124
  
• condenser diaphragm  194–196
  
• constipation  163, 167, 173, 211
  
• consultation, communication strategies  9–26
  
• consultation models  11–12
  
• consumptive coagulopathy see disseminated intravascular coagulation
  
• contaminated food  191
  
• contaminated water  191
  
• contamination of urine  156
  
• continuum of care  6
  
• control tests
  
  
  
  • lactate meters  85, 87
    
  • refractometers  73–74, 76–77
  
  
• Coombs test  92, 254
  
• coprophagia  163, 211
  
• corticosteroids  72, 82, 124, 125, 126
  
• cost of care, discussing in consultations  20–22
  
• coughing  15, 229, 278, 279, 280
  
• cover slip  47, 59, 60, 89, 90, 91, 147, 148, 150, 152, 194, 195, 196, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 230
  
• CPV see canine parvovirus
  
• creatinine
  
  
  
  • in body cavity fluid  242, 245
    
  • in serum  79, 80, 83, 242
    
  • in urine  116, 118, 143, 144
  
  
• crowded populations  192
  
• cryptorchidism  112
  
• Cryptosporidium canis  226
  
• Cryptosporidium felis  226
  
• Cryptosporidium parvum  210
  
• crystals
  
  
  
  • fecal flotation using salt solutions  221, 222
    
  • urine sediment examination  146, 154–156, 285, 286
  
  
• crystalluria  110, 115, 140, 141, 144, 146, 154–156
  
• cultures
  
  
  
  • exudative body cavity fluid  244
    
  • fecal  163, 183, 193, 201, 202
    
  • urine  104
  
  
• Cushing’s disease/Cushing’s syndrome see hyperadrenocorticism
  
• cup  169, 208, 213, 214
  
• cylindruria  264, 265
  
• cystine crystals, urine sediment examination  155
  
• cystitis
  
  
  
  • bacterial  146, 155, 157, 285–286
    
  • cats versus dogs  155, 157
    
  • clinical case studies  112–113, 285–286
    
  • endocrine disease increasing susceptibility  146
    
  • hemorrhagic  152
    
  • idiopathic  112–113
    
  • struvite crystals in urine  155
  
  
• cystocentesis, urine collection  101, 103
  
• cysts  191, 192, 195, 197, 201, 202, 207, 209, 210, 211, 213, 221, 226, 227, 228, 229, 303
  
• cytochemistry  47, 54
  
• cysts, Giardia spp.  191–192
  
• cysts of endoparasites, fecal flotation testing  207–208, 209, 211, 221, 226, 229
  
• Cytauxzoon felis  60, 64, 70

d

• defecation
  
  
  
  • client observation  169
    
  • ease/difficulty  161, 163, 167, 169
    
    
    
    • see also dyschezia; tenesmus
  
  
  
  
  • frequency  166, 167, 227
    
  • posture  161, 167, 169, 171, 172
    
  • urgency  167, 169, 171, 175, 186, 227
  
  
• dehydration
  
  
  
  • blood urea nitrogen test  80
    
  • clinical case study  258–266
    
  • clinical signs  80, 126, 127
    
  • plasma total protein measurement  38, 43, 44
    
  • urine specific gravity  117, 124, 125, 126, 127
  
  
• Demodex spp., 191, 211
  
• density
  
  
  
  • flotation  207, 208
    
  • urine specific gravity (USG)  116, 118
    
  • see also specific gravity
  
  
• depression  19, 185, 192
  
• deuteranopia  137
  
• deworming (anthelmintics and heartworm prevention)
  
  
  
  • declined by owner  277–281
    
  • importance of routine prophylaxis  181, 222, 301, 307
    
  • trials in diarrheic cases  301, 308, 310
  
  
• dextrose  138
  
• diabetes insipidus  102, 117, 125, 126–127
  
• diabetes mellitus  72–73, 77, 78, 82, 125, 138, 281–291
  
• diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 7, 18, 139
  
• diagnostic certainty  7
  
• diagnostic plan  12, 19, 20, 113, 185, 254, 282
  
• dialogue  7, 9–22, 172
  
• diarrhea
  
  
  
  • bloody  174–175, 176, 180, 184, 272
    
    
    
    • see also hematochezia
  
  
  
  
  • Campylobacter infection  193
    
  • causes  174–175
    
  • clinical case studies  183, 272–276, 297–304
    
  • color  176, 177
    
  • direct fecal smears  191, 192–193
    
  • fecal score  172, 174
    
  • history taking  227
    
  • house soiling  171
    
  • large bowel  166–167, 175, 186
    
  • parvovirus  184, 185, 277
    
  • patient history  186
    
  • presenting clinical signs  19, 163, 166–167, 172, 183, 184, 185, 186
    
  • sample collection  161, 162
    
  • small bowel  37, 167, 174–175, 186
    
  • trichomoniasis  192
  
  
• Diastix®, glucose test strips  130, 131
  
• DIC see disseminated intravascular coagulation
  
• diet
  
  
  
  • effects on BUN  80, 82
    
  • effects on ketones in urine  139
    
  • effects on urine color  106, 107
    
  • effects on USG  116, 125
    
  • fecal effects  167
  
  
• low protein  80, 125
  
• meat‐based  140
  
  
  
  • moisture content  116, 125
    
  • plant‐based  140
  
  
• protein  80, 82, 125
  
  
  
  • sodium (salt) 107, 116, 125
  
  
• differential cell count  47, 59–60, 62
  
• Diff–Quik^TM stain modified Romanowski stain)  49, 53, 64, 202
  
• dilute urine  106, 125, 127, 131, 147
  
• dipsticks see reagent test strips
  
• Dipylidium caninum  163, 164, 179, 182, 186, 211, 223, 224
  
• direct fecal smears, wet mounts  191–206, 228
  
• Dirofilaria immitus, blood films 61, 69, 280
  
• disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)  69, 94, 97, 139, 261
  
• distal tubules  116, 117
  
• distilled water
  
  
  
  • calibration of refractometers  39, 118–120
    
  • urine specific gravity relationship  116
  
  
• distortion  208, 209, 303
  
• distributive shock, whole blood lactate  84, 87
  
• diuretics 107, 124, 125, 126
  
• dog parks  162, 191
  
• dry mounts, add‐on to direct fecal smears  201, 202–203
  
• dull coats  182, 186, 222
  
• dyschezia  163, 167, 169, 211
  
• dysuria  101, 141

e

• ease of defecation  169
  
• easy to understand language  12, 14–15
  
• eccentrocytes, blood films  64, 65, 69
  
• Echinococcus granulosus  163
  
• echinocytes  63
  
• ectoparasites  140, 163, 179, 186, 187, 224
  
• EDTA see ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  
• education and training  6, 9–11
  
• eggs see ova
  
• Ehrlichia spp., 44, 70, 249
  
• elimination behavior
  
  
  
  • observation of  169
    
  • see also defecation
  
  
• ELISA see enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
  
• emaciation  167
  
• emesis (vomiting)
  
  
  
  • clinical case studies  297–301, 311–314
    
  • gold standard of care and alternatives  6–7
    
  • induction following toxin ingestion  178
    
  • parvovirus  184, 185
    
  • roundworms in vomitus  183
    
  • terminology  15
  
  
• endocrinopathies
  
  
  
  • gastrointestinal distress  228
    
  • nonregenerative anemia  35
    
  • polyuria/polydipsia  125
    
  • see also diabetes insipidus; diabetes mellitus; hyperadrenocorticism; hyperthyroidism; hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism
  
  
• endoparasites
  
  
  
  • analysis hindered by long storage of feces  172
    
  • causing diarrhea  174–175
    
  • clinical signs  186
    
  • direct fecal smears  191–206
    
  • fecal flotation testing  207–233
    
  • fecal testing  191–206, 207–233
    
  • gross signs  164, 166, 178–182
    
  • importance of detection/screening  161–164, 186
    
  • routine prophylaxis importance  181, 222, 301, 307
    
  • in vomitus  183
    
  • see also ova of parasites
  
  
• endotoxemia  69, 82, 125
  
  
  
  • see also sepsis
  
  
• Entamoeba histolytica  175, 191, 228
  
• environmental contamination  202, 210, 211, 229
  
• enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
  
  
  
  • Giardia test  201–202, 227, 228
    
  • parvovirus  184–185
  
  
• eosinophilia  228, 279, 280, 306, 307, 310, 314
  
• EPI see exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
  
• epinephrine effects, blood films  69
  
• epithelial cells, urine sediment examination  153
  
• Epsom salt see magnesium sulfate
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