(1)
Mathematics in Naples, Naples, Italy
Deceased
From that which was explained above, it appears that an accelerated movement is generated by a gradually increasing impetus. The flow of this increasing impetus makes the surface of the impetus triangular. Therefore, the distances travelled in unequal times are proportional to the surfaces themselves of the velocities and, consequently, the ratio of the travelled distances is greater than that of the times of the travels, i.e. this ratio is the product of the ratio of the times and the ratio of the arithmetic average velocities of the unequal impulses. It thus must be sought for why and how an impetus can always grow and increase. An impetus of course is generated by the impulse of a body provided with a motive force. For the generated impetus to grow it is not necessary that the motive force of the impelling body increases in intensity. It is sufficient that, one and the same force remaining of the same vigour, it multiplies its impulsive operation in expansion only, i.e. that it continuously repeats the same blows in the mobile body. For example, the motive faculty of a hammer delivering blows with the same impetus can produce in another body a gradually increasing impetus, not because the motive force of the hammer or of its impetus increases in intensity but because, only by repeating the same blows, the preceding impulses impressed in the mobile body by the hammer are not deleted. As was shown, any impressed impetus does not weaken spontaneously. Neither does it somehow die or end being. Destined to last for ever, it propagates itself when all the obstacles are removed. Consequently, the preceding impulses delivered by the hammer are effective and persisting, and the ones which additionally occur continuously increase and multiply the impetus. Since the impetus meanwhile is flowing, a triangular surface of the impetus is generated which correlates to the travelled distances. Consequently, the movement of the mobile is gradually increased and accelerated.
This increase and multiplication of the impetus can occur in two ways.
Proposition LXXX
If a mobile is moved by an external impeller which, from an indivisible moment, repeats blows always equally strong, i.e. equally quick, this generates an accelerated movement. This movement is not uniformly increasing but the increments keep diminishing until finally the acceleration comes to an end which leads to the uniformity of the movement.
Let a mobile A with the same persisting motive force and the same impetus CF gradually impel a body B during all the time DE (Table 16.1, Fig. 63). At first, during a time DG starting from an indivisible moment, it impresses into the body a degree of velocity GL equal to the impetus FI. Consequently, afterwards the body A cannot impel the body B with all its velocity CF since the body B escapes the blow at a velocity GL. Consequently, after the time DG the body A can impel B only by the velocity CI by which it exceeds the impetus of the escaping body B. Thus, in the following time GH, equal to DG, the smaller relative impetus CI of A produces a weaker effect and adds only an impetus OM equal to IK. Since the previous impressed impetus LG persists, at the end of the time GH the whole impetus impressed into the body B will be HO equal to the sum of LG and OM. In the following time HE equal to DG, the body A can impel B only by its relative impetus CK, i.e. by the excess of the velocity CF of the pursuing body over the impetus MH of the escaping body. Therefore, the diminished impetus CK produces a smaller effect than before, i.e. NP equal to CK. But the preceding impetus MH equal to PE persists. Consequently, at the end of the time DE, all the impressed degree of velocity NE is equal to the total velocity of the impeller CF. Therefore, afterwards no other degree of velocity is again impressed by the impeller A since the body B escapes at the same velocity at which it is pursued by the impeller. Thus, after the time DE has elapsed, the movement of the body B will be uniform. But, during the preceding time DE, the velocity impressed from an indivisible impetus always increased, however not by equal increments since MO is smaller than LG, and NP is smaller than MO. Therefore, the triangular surface of the impetus DNE will not be rectilinear but will comprise the straight line ED and the curved line DN. Therefore also, the ratio of the surface of the impetus DLG to the surface of the impetus DMH or the ratio of the space travelled in the time G to the space travelled in the time DH is smaller than the ratio of the squares of the times GD and DH.