H

H


H chemical symbol, hydrogen;; Hounsfield unit.


H+ symbol, hydrogen ion.


H+,K+-ATPase an enzyme of the gastric parietal cell involved in the terminal step of gastric acid secretion in the stomach. Called also proton pump. See also proton pump inhibitors.


h symbol, hecto-; [L.] hora (hour).


H & E hematoxylin and eosin (stain).


H-2 complex the major histocompatibility complex in the mouse.


H antigen see H antigen.


H band a zone across the center of the sarcomeres of skeletal muscle cells.


H chain see heavy chain.


H-plasty placement of skin flaps in which two single pedicle advancement flaps, opposite each other, form an H pattern when closed. This may be more effective than a single, longer flap in closing a large area.


H2-receptor see histamine receptor.


H-wave reflex in nerve conduction studies by electromyography, a pattern of recording which evaluates both afferent and efferent pathways.


H-Y factor a cell-surface component on intermediate mesodermal cells carrying a Y chromosome; the H-Y factor is an obligatory component in the transformation in the embryo of the indifferent gonad into a testis.


H2O2 hydrogen peroxide.


HA used for hemagglutinin, hemagglutination, and hemagglutination assay.


HA-MRSA healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.


Ha chemical symbol, hahnium.


Haalstra’s method a laboratory procedure for isolating Dermatophilus congolensis from infectious material, based on chemotaxis stimulated by carbon dioxide.


haarscheiben tactile elevations that project a little above or just below special guard hairs or tylotrichs in dogs and cats. Called also tylotrich pad. See also tylotrich hairs.


HABA 2-(4’-hydroxyazobenzene) benzoic acid.


habena [himage-be′nimage] the peduncle of the pineal body.


habenula [himage-ben′u-limage] pl. habenulae [L.] 1. any frenulum, especially one of a series of structures in the cochlea. 2. a triangular area in the dorsomedial aspect of the thalamus rostral to the pineal gland.


habit [hab′it] 1. an action that has become automatic or characteristic by repetition. 2. predisposition; bodily temperament.


habitat [hab′image-tat] the environment inhabited by a specific organism or animal.


habituation [himage-bich″u-a′shimagen] 1. the gradual adaptation to a stimulus or to the environment. 2. the extinction of a conditioned reflex by repetition of the conditioned stimulus; called also negative adaptation.


habitus [hab′image-timages] [L.] habit, body conformation.


Habronema [hab″ro-ne′mimage] a genus of nematodes in the order Spirurida.


H. incertum found in the proventriculus and gizzard of companion birds causing chronic digestive upset and diarrhea. Also causes sudden death. Called also Spiroptera incerta.


H. khalili found in the large intestine of elephant and rhinoceros.


H. majus (syn. H. microstoma), H. muscae parasites in the stomach of horses.


H. megastoma Draschia megastoma.


H. microstoma see H. majus (above).


habronemiasis [hab″ro-ne-mi′image-sis] a disease of horses caused by the nematodes Habronema muscae, H. majus (H. microstoma) and Draschia megastoma.


conjunctival h. granulomatous lesions caused by invasion by Habronema spp. larvae occurring on the third eyelid, or the eyelid proper, or on the conjunctiva of the medial canthus.


cutaneous h. is manifested by granulomatous lesions caused by the invasion of skin wounds or excoriations by the larvae of Habronema spp. and Draschia megastoma. See also swamp cancer. Called also summer sore, bursati, granular dermatitis and jack sores.


gastric h. large granulomatous masses in the gastric mucosa caused by invasion by Draschia megastoma larvae. They are usually clinically silent unless perforation of the gastric wall occurs. The larvae of Habronema majus and H. muscae cause mild gastritis but without the formation of tumors.


HACCP hazard analysis critical control points.


hachement [Fr.] a hacking or chopping movement in massage.


hack 1. a recognized style of horse and not a breed. Not to be confused with Hackney, the breed of harness horses. Mostly Thoroughbreds, sometimes with some Arab or Quarter horse blood. Any color, usually 14.2–15.2 hands high, may be lightweight or heavyweight. 2. to go for a ride.


hackamore a single-rein bitless bridle for a horse.


hackles the hairs over the neck and back that are elevated by arrector pili muscles in response to fright or anger. A mechanism to threaten opponents, perhaps by appearing larger.


h. feathers the feathers of the dorsal cervical tract of the domestic fowl that cover the dorsal and lateral parts of the neck. In the rooster they are often large and colorful and are erected as a sign of aggression. Used for making artificial flies for fishing.


Hackney 1. an English breed of light horses used for driving; bay, brown, black or chestnut, usually with white markings, 15–16 hands high. 2. an English breed of ponies, similar to the horse but 12.2–14.2 hands high.


H. pony small version of the Hackney.


Hadenvirus see bovine parvovirus.


haem [hēm] heme.


haem- for words beginning thus see also those beginning hem-.


Haemadipsa [he′mimage-dip′simage] a genus of leeches in the class Hirudinea. Small (1–1.5 inches), but heavy infestations can cause anemia.


Haemanthus multiflorus African plant of family Liliaceae; may contain isoquinolone phenanthridine alkaloids and a cardiac glycoside which causes cardiac irregularity and sudden death. Called also Scadoxus multiflorus, blood lily.


image

H-1: Sections of Habronema larvae (arrow) within nodule of granulomatous and eosinophilic dermatitis.


From McGavin MD, Zachary J, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 4th Edition. Mosby, 2006.


Haemaphysalis [he″mimage-fis′image-lis] a large genus of small ticks in the family Ixodidae.


H. bancrofti found on cattle and marsupials. Called also wallaby tick.


H. bispinosa found on cattle.


H. chordeilis (syn. H. cinnabarina, H. punctata) found on birds.


H. cinnabarina punctata found on most mammals and on birds. Implicated in the transmission of Babesia bigemina, B. motasi, Anaplasma centrale, A. marginale.


H. humerosa transmits Coxiella burnetti, the cause of Q fever.


H. inermis a widespread tick.


H. leachi leachi occurs on domestic Carnivora and rodents. Called also yellow dog tick. Transmits canine piroplasmosis, Rickettsia conori and Coxiella burnetii.


H. leachi mushami occurs on small carnivores.


H. leporispalustris found on rabbits, other small mammals and birds. Transmits Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis Called also rabbit tick.


H. longicornis a three-host tick found primarily on cattle, but also on many other mammals including humans. Transmits Theileria spp. and Coxiella burnetii.


H. otophila found on rodents. May transmit Francisella tularensis.


H. parmata found on carnivores and antelope.


H. punctata see H. cinnabarina punctata (above).


Haematobia [he″mimage-to′be-image] a genus of small, gray, blood-sucking flies. Called also Lyperosia spp., Haematobosca spp.


H. atripalpis a vector for Parafilaria bovicola.


H. exigua (syn. Siphona spp.) a parasite of buffalo and cattle. Transmits Trypanosoma evansi and Habronema majus. Called also buffalo fly.


H. irritans found on cattle, occasionally other mammals. Creates skin lesions around horns, and along neck and back, often invaded by screw-worms. Transmits Stephanofilaria stilesi. Called also horn fly.


H. minuta as for H. exigua.


H. stimulans a pest of cattle.


Haematobosca see Haematobia.


Haematomyzus exotic, rare lice of aberrant constitution. The only genus in the family Rhynchophthirina.


H. elephantis found on elephants.


H. hopkinsi found on wart hogs.


Haematopinus [he″mimage-to-pi′nimages] a genus of sucking lice in the order Phthiraptera.


H. asini found on horses.


H. bufali found on buffalo.


H. eurysternus found on cattle. Called also shortnosed cattle lice.


H. quadripertusus found on cattle.


H. suis the large pig louse.


H. trichechi found on walrus.


H. tuberculatus found on cattle, camel, yak and buffalo.


Haematopota [he″mimage-top′image-timage] large, blood-sucking flies predatory on vertebrates. A genus of the family Tabanidae. They are mechanical transmitters of anthrax, equine infectious anemia, anaplasmosis and Trypanosoma evansi. Cyclical transmitters of Trypanosoma theileri. Cause significant insect worry to horses. Includes H. pluvialis.


Haematosiphon [he″mimage-to-si′fon] a genus of blood-sucking, true bugs of the family Cimicidae which includes, for example, the bed bug of humans.


H. indora a serious parasite of domestic poultry in Central America.


image

H-2: Haematopinus asini.


From Pascoe R, Knottenbelt DC, Manual of Equine Dermatology. Saunders, 1999


H. nodorus the most important species of bird bugs; infests poultry, turkeys and some wild birds.


Haematoxenus a genus of nonpathogenic protozoan parasites in the family Theileriidae.


H. separatus found in sheep. Transmitted by Rhipicephalus evertsi.


H. veliferus found in the bloodstream of cattle. Transmitted by Amblyomma variegatum.


haemo- word element. [Gr.] blood. See words beginning hem- and hemato-.


Haemobartonella [he″mo-bahr″to-nel′image] a group of bacteria that parasitize erythrocytes and are now recognized to be within the genus Mycoplasma. See Mycoplasma haemocanis, M. haemofelis, M. haemomuris, M. hematoparvum, M. haemominutum.


Haemodipsus [he″mo-dip′simages] a genus of lice in the family Hoplopleuridae.


H. ventricosus found on field rabbits; uncommon in laboratory animals.


Haemogamasus a genus of mites in the family Gamasidae.


H. pontiger found in bedding and on rodents and insectivorous animals.


Haemogregarina [he″mo-greg″image-ri′nimage] a genus of hemoprotozoa, parasitic mainly in cold-blooded vertebrates, including reptiles and fish. Includes parasites that cause hepatic necrosis, castration and occlusion of the air bladder.


H. sachae participates in the production of a leech-vectortransmitted lymphoma in cultured turbot.


Haemolaelaps a genus of mites of the family Gamasidae.


H. casalis a mite infesting birds and their litter.


haemonchosis [hēm″ong-ko′sis] caused by Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats and H. placei in cattle. Female worms produce large numbers of eggs, infective larvae develop rapidly in warm wet conditions and dangerous levels of pasture contamination can accumulate rapidly resulting in outbreaks. May also occur in sheep overwintered indoors if large numbers of hypobiotic larvae mature simultaneously. Infestation is in the abomasum and both fourth-stage larvae and adults are blood feeders.Manifest by sudden death from acute anemia or chronic wasting, anemia and anasarca. Called also barber’s pole worm disease because of the barber’s pole appearance of adult worms.


Haemonchus [he-mon′kimages] a genus of blood-feeding nematodes of the family Trichostrongylidae.


H. bedfordi found in African buffalo and some gazelles.


H. contortus found in the abomasum of most ruminants and the cause of serious losses in sheep from haemonchosis. There have been attempts to subdivide the species, e.g. H. contortus cayugensis, but the differences between the subspecies have not been substantiated.


H. dinniki found in gazelles.


image

H-3: Haemonchus contortus infestation in the abomasum of a sheep


H. krugeri found in impala.


H. lawrenci found in duiker.


H. longistipes found in camel, dromedary.


H. mitchelli found in gazelle, eland, oryx.


H. placei the parasite of cattle which can cause haemonchosis in that species.


H. similis found in cattle and deer.


H. vegliai found in oryx, antelope.


haemophagous see hemophagous.


haemophilosis hemophilosis.


Haemophilus [he-mof′image-limages] a genus of hemophilic gram-negative coccobacilli or rod-shaped bacteria.


H. agni (H. somnus); now called Histophilus somni.


H. avium now called Avibacterium avium.


H. bovis see Moraxella bovis.


H. equigenitalis see Taylorella equigenitalis.


H. felis isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy cats and possibly an opportunistic pathogen of the respiratory tract and conjunctiva of cats.


H. gallinarum now classified as Avibacterium paragallinarum.


H. haemoglobinophilus found on canine genitalia; sometimes linked to puppy mortality but not often a cause of disease.


H. influenzaemurium the cause of respiratory disease and conjunctivitis in mice.


H. ovis now called Histophilus somni.


H. paracuniculus may be associated with mucoid enteropathy in rabbits.


H. paragallinarum now called Avibacterium paragallinarum.


H. parasuis a common concurrent infection with swine influenza virus and causes Glässer’s disease of swine.


H. piscium a cause of ulceration of the gills and mouth of trout. May be Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida.


H. somnus now called Histophilus somni.


H. suis now classified as H. parasuis (above).


Haemoproteus [he″mo-pro′te-images] a genus of protozoa that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Transmitted by insects, including mosquitoes and biting midges (Culicoides), when taking a blood meal. Infection is sometimes called pseudomalaria because of the parasite’s similarities with Plasmodium species.


H. antigonis found in cranes.


H. canachites found in grouse; transmitted by Culicoides spp.


H. columbae found in pigeons, doves and some wild birds. Transmitted by hippoboscid flies. May cause anemia in squabs.


H. danilewski found in wild birds.


H. lophortyx found in quail. Transmitted by biting flies. May cause anemia.


H. meleagridis occurs in turkeys.


H. nettionis found in ducks, geese, swans.


H. sacharovi found in doves. Culicoides spp. possibly vectors.


Haflinger horse chestnut, light mane and tail, riding and draft pony from Austria, Germany, Italy.


Hafnia [haf′ne-image] a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, members of the family, Enterobacteriaceae; found in soil and feces.


hafnium (Hf) [haf′ne-imagem] a chemical element, atomic number 72, atomic weight 178.49. See Table 4.


Hagedorn’s needle [hah′gimage-dorn] see Hagedorn’s needle.


Hageman factor factor XII, one of the blood clotting factors. Deficiency occurs in humans and cats and is asymptomatic.


H. f. deficiency see Hageman trait.


image

H-4: Haemoproteus spp. in avian red blood cells.


From Bowman, Dwight D. Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians, 9th Edition. Saunders, 2008


Hageman trait an asymptomatic coagulation deficiency caused by the inherited deficiency of clotting factor XII (Hageman factor). Occurs in humans and cats.


hahnium (Ha) a chemical element, atomic number 105, atomic weight 260. See Table 4.


Haight baby rib spreader a self-retaining retractor, designed for surgery on human infants, but useful in small animals.


Hainan pig small to dwarf, Chinese pig, black with white head and back, smooth skin, long head, prick ears.


Hainsworth’s energy groups animals divided into groups on the basis of their mean core body temperature range; used for scaling dose rates of drugs for animals on the basis of body weight.


hair [hār] 1. a threadlike keratinized epidermal structure developing from a follicle sunk in the dermis, produced only by and characteristic of mammals. Most hairs consist of a central medulla, a cortex and a thin cuticle of overlapping scales. Also, the aggregate of such hairs. 2. various other threadlike structures.


auditory h’s hair-like attachments of the epithelial cells of the inner ear.


awn h. in cats, a short thick, bristly hair underneath the top coat.


h. beds coat hairs occur in groups of about three primary follicles and a variable number of secondary follicles.


burrowing h. one that grows horizontally in the skin.


h. cells sensory neuroepithelial cells which have hair-like processes; found in organ of Corti, ampullary crests and utricle and saccule of the inner ear.


club h. a hair whose root is surrounded by a bulbous enlargement composed of keratinized cells, preliminary to normal loss of the hair from the follicle. It is typically in the so-called telogen stage of development.


h. coat see coat (1).


cover h. see guard hair (below).


h. follicle one of the tubular invaginations of the epidermis enclosing the hair roots and from which the hairs grow.


image

H-5: Haflinger horse.


From Sambraus HH, Livestock Breeds. Mosby, 1992


image

H-6: Schematic diagram of the skin and simple and compound hair follicles.


From McGavin MD, Zachary J, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 4th Edition. Mosby, 2006.


h. follicle tumors benign neoplasms of germinal hair follicle cells. Includes trichoepithelioma, pilomatrixoma, trichoblastoma, tricholemmoma, trichofolliculoma, and dilated pore of Winer.


h. follicle unit see apopilosebaceous complex.


h. granuloma granuloma in the esophageal wall caused by swallowed hairs acting as foreign bodies.


h. growth cycle a period of growth, called anagen, is followed by a transitional stage, called catagen, and then a period of inactivity in the hair follicle, called telogen, lasting until the cycle starts again. The duration of each stage varies with the species, anatomical location, genetic influence, and a variety of environmental and physiological factors. See also tricogram.


guard h. the coarse, stiff and often longer and more prominent hairs in a haircoat with an undercoat. For example, the darkly colored, outer hairs of a German shepherd dog. Called also primary hair, master hair, cover hair, topcoat.


ingrown h. one that has curved and re-entered the skin.


lanugo h. the fine hair on the body of the fetus.


master h. see guard hair (above).


primary h. see guard hair (above).


ringed h. see thrix annulata.


secondary h. finer and growing from a more superficial follicle than a guard hair; forms the undercoat.


sensory h’s hair-like projections on the surface of sensory epithelial cells.


sinus h. the vibrissae or whiskers located on the muzzle and face of many species has an endothelium-lined blood sinus between the inner and outer layers of the dermal portion of the follicle with a rich nerve supply. This structure serves to increase sensory perception. Called also tactile hairs or pili tactiles.


specialized h. includes auditory, guard, sensory, tactile, taste, tylotrich hairs (see this list).


h. streams the hairs in the coat of animals are inclined in one or other direction so that collectively they create streams that meet at convergent or divergent vortices or cowlicks.


tactile h’s hairs particularly sensitive to touch.


taste h’s short hair-like processes projecting freely into the lumen of the pit of a taste bud from the peripheral ends of the taste cells.


tipped h. one with a different, usually darker, color at the tip; seen in Chinchilla cats.


tylotrich h. special hairs that act as rapid-adapting mechanoreceptors; large, primary follicles with a ring of neurovascular tissue around them. Always associated with a tylotrich pad, a local area of epidermal thickening with a layer of highly vascular and well-innervated connective tissue below.


hairball [hār′bawl] see trichobezoar.


hairiness see hirsutism.


hairlessness see alopecia, hypotrichosis, semihairlessness.


hairpin a secondary structure that occurs in single-strand RNA in which complementary regions on the same molecule anneal, causing the strand to turn back on itself. The structure is the result of base pairing and hydrogen bond formation.


hairworms [hār′wimagerm] see Capillaria.


hairy shakers [hār′e] see border disease.


Hairy moustached collie see Bearded collie.


Hajek rongeur a double action instrument used in neurosurgery.


Hakea genus of plants in family Proteaceae; some species contain cyanogenic glycosides. Includes H. dactyloides (finger hakea), H. salicifolia (H. saligna, willow-leaved hakea).


Halal slaughter see Muslim slaughter.


Halarachne a genus of mites in the family Halarachnidae found in the nostrils of sea lions and seals.


halcinonide [hal-sin′image-nīd] a topical corticosteroid used in the treatment of skin diseases.


Haldane effect [hawl′dān] oxygen loss from hemoglobin makes the hemoglobin more basic and enhances the absorption of CO2.


Halerpestis cymbalaria Ranunculus cymbalaria.


half-bred the progeny of the first cross between animals of two pure breeds, the F1 generation.Often used locally without identifying the parentage, e.g. Cheviot ewe × Border Leicester ram.


half-hitch knot a style of surgical knot, consisting of one straight strand with the other thrown over, back over itself, under the original strand and back through the loop created by the earlier steps. It is the basis for square, granny and surgeon’s knots, depending on how the hitches are thrown. See also knot.


half-life [haf′līf] the time in which the radioactivity usually associated with a particular isotope is reduced by half through radioactive decay.


half-pin splint see half-pin splint.


half-sib see half sibling.


half-value layer [haf″val′u] the thickness of a given substance which, when introduced in the path of a given beam of rays, will reduce its intensity by a half.


Hal gene determines the susceptibility of pigs to porcine stress syndrome and the risk for having pale exudative meat at slaughter.


Haliaeeatus leucocephala bald eagle.


Halicephalobus [hal″e-sef″image-lo′bus] a free living rhabditid nematode; occasionally an accidental parrasite of horses and other animals. Enters the body via an existing lesion; infections in the brain are fatal.


image

H-7: Double half-hitch (clove hitch).


From Sheldon CC, et al, Animal Restraint for Veterinary Professionals. Mosby, 2006


halide [hal′īd] a compound of a halogen with an element or radical.


Haliotis a marine gastropod mollusc; grown commercially in culture-based coastal fisheries. Called also abalone.


Haliotrema a genus of flukes (monogenetic trematodes) parasitic on fish.


halisteresis [himage-lis″timage-re′sis] deficiency of mineral salts (calcium) in a part, as in osteomalacia.


halitosis [hal″image-to′sis] offensive odor of the breath.


halitus an expired breath.


hallucinogen [himage-loo′simage-no-jen″] an agent capable of producing hallucinations or false sensory perceptions.


haloalkylamine derivatives a group of synthetic α-blocking agents including phenoxybenzamine, dibenamine.


Halobacterium [hal″o bak-tēr′e-imagem] obligate halophiles which spoil meat of high salt content.


haloduric organisms [hal″o-du′rik] bacteria which are tolerant to high concentrations of salt and can survive on and cause spoilage of salted meats.


halofuginone an alkaloid found in the herb Dichroa febrifuga. It is used as a coccidiostat and is also effective against cryptosporidiosis in cattle. Inhibits the development of Th17 cells and thus represents a lead for the treatment of autoimmune disease. Inhibits also critical steps in angiogenesis.


halogen [hal′image-jimagen, ha’limage-jimagen] an element of group VII of the periodic table, the members of which form similar (salt-like) compounds in combination with sodium. The halogens are bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine.


halogenated pertaining to a substance to which a halogen is added.


h. salicylanilides. see rafoxanide, clioxanide.


halogenation [hal″o-jimage-na′shimagen] the process of incorporating a halogen atom into an organic molecule. Halogenation of each double bond of an unsaturated fatty acid forms a basis for the measurement of a food’s content of unsaturated fatty acids.


halogeton [hal-image-ge′timagen] Halogeton glomeratus.


Halogeton glomeratus toxic plant of the family Polygonaceae: contains soluble oxalates in sufficient quantities to cause acute poisoning. Called also halogeton.


haloperidol [hal″o-per′image-dol] a dopamine antagonist in the brain, used as a neuroleptoanalgesic agent.


halophil, halophile [hal′o-fil] a halophilic microorganism.


halophilic [hal″o-fil′ik] pertaining to or characterized by an affinity for salt; requiring a high concentration of salt for optimal growth.


haloprogin [hal″o-pro′jin] a synthetic broad-spectrum topical antifungal.


Haloragis a genus of shrubs in the family Haloragidaceae.


H. heterophylla contains sufficient cyanogenetic glycoside to cause poisoning. Called also raspwort, raspweed.


H. odontocarpa an unidentified substance in the plant causes red coloration of the urine of sheep eating it. Called also mulga nettle.


halostachine an alkaloid found in Lolium perenne and thought at one time to be involved in causing ryegrass staggers.


image

H-8: Halstead mosquito forceps.


From Sonsthagen TF, Veterinary Instruments and Equipment: A Pocket Guide, 2nd Edition. Mosby, 2010


halothane [hal′o-thān] a colorless, mobile, nonflammable, heavy liquid used by inhalation to produce general anesthesia.


h. test used to determine if pigs carry the Hal gene for porcine stress syndrome (PSS). The pig is anesthetized with halothane and if it develops rigidity of the hind limbs within 3 minutes, it is stress susceptible, but will survive if halothane is immediately withdrawn. If the pig shows no reaction after 5 minutes, it is considered Hal gene negative.


haloxon an organophosphorus anthelmintic once used against nematodes of the abomasum and small intestine in ruminants. Not recommended for use in pigs or horses, in which it has caused laryngeal paralysis, and is very toxic for geese.


halquinol a topical hydroxyquinoline antibiotic and amebicide, but also used orally in calves to treat coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis.


Halsted [hal′sted] pertaining to William Halsted (1852–1922), an American surgeon.


H. mosquito forceps popular, fine-pointed, ratcheted hemostats used to crush very small vessels.


H. suture pattern an interrupted suture pattern most useful in the suturing of friable tissues. The needle is passed in and out of the skin on one side of the incision, then across the incision and the suture is repeated on the other side. A pass is made at right angles to the suture and then a repeat of the stitch made back acoss the incision and the two ends tied.


halter the simplest form of restraint for the head of farm animals. Comprises a poll strap, a nose band and a halter shank that brings the ends of the nose band together under the mandible. Made of leather or cotton or manila rope.


h. broken said of a young animal that has been taught to allow itself to be caught, haltered and led but not broken in to saddle or cart.


h. classes show classes in which entrant horses are required only to be halter broken.


haltere knob-like relics of the second pair of wings in the insect genus Diptera.


ham, hams [ham] the musculature of the upper thigh; common usage implies the cured upper thigh of a full-grown pig.


h. beetle the 0.5 inch long larvae of the beetle which infest hams. Called also Dermestes lardarius.


h. curing see cured meat.


h. fly the larvae or skippers, because of their habit of leaping long distances, of the fly Piophila casei which invade cured ham.


York h. a special curing method based on a pickle injection followed by a long storage in dry salt.


Hamadan ass a white, Iranian donkey.


hamamelis [ham″image-me′lis] see witch hazel.


hamartia [ham-ahr′shimage] a defect of tissue combination in development.


hamartoblastoma [ham-ahr″to-blas-to′mimage] a tumor developing from a hamartoma.


hamartoma [ham″ahr-to′mimage] a benign tumor-like nodule composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues normally present in the affected part, but often with one element predominating.


gingival h. pink, lobulated, often pedunculated masses on the gums of newborn calves; soon become inflamed and ulcerated resembling chronic granulation tissue.


lymphangiomatous h. a lymphangioma occurring as a congenital malformation.


vascular h. tumor mass, usually dermal, consisting of primitive to well formed blood vessels.


hamartomatous [ham″ahr-to′mimage-timages] pertaining to a developmental anomaly in which certain cells of a circumscribed area develop excessively, but fail to keep growing as would a benign or malignant neoplasm.


hamate [ham′āt] 1. hooked. 2. the fourth carpal bone. Called also os hamatum, os carpale IV.


Hambletonian one of the very early and important sires in the Standardbred breed of racing horses.


hamburger beef see hamburger beef.


Hamburger shift see chloride shift.


hames linked metal, curved bars that fit around the horse collar and serve as the attachment for the trace chains and traces.


Hamilton hound [ham′il-ton] see Hamiltonstovare.


Hamiltonstovare a medium-sized, muscular Swedish hunting dog with black and tan short coat and white on the muzzle, neck and tail. It has a narrow head, folded ears and a long tail. Called also Hamilton hound, Swedish foxhound.


hammer [ham′imager] the malleus, the largest of the three bones of the middle ear.


hammer-milled feed processed through a hammer-mill, a piece of farming machinery which combines a cutting and crushing action aimed at improving the digestibility and conversion efficiency of the feed.


hammerhead RNA structure a folding arrangement of RNA found in the RNA genomes of some viruses.


Hammondia a genus of protozoa in the family Eimeriidae.


H. hammondi found in the intestine of cats; the oocysts, shed in feces, are identical to those of Toxoplasma gondii.


H. heydorni found in dogs; the oocysts, shed in feces, are identical to those of Neospora caninum.


Hampshire a black pig with a white belt, originating in the USA.


Hampshire Down an English short-woolled meat sheep, polled, black-brown face and legs. The wool is of a characteristic Downs type of 26–28 microns.


Hampton line in contrast radiography of gastric ulceration, a radiolucent line across the ulcer crater at the level of the original gastric lumen, caused by undermining of the surrounding mucosal edge.


hamster [ham′stimager] small rodents in the subfamily Cricetinae; used as experimental laboratory animals but popular as pets. They are nocturnal, burrowing animals, noted for their brief gestation period (15–16 days) and capacious cheek pouches. Includes Cricetus cricetus (common or European hamster), C. griseus (Chinese hamster), Phodopus sungorus (Russian or short-tailed dwarf hamster) and Mesocricetus auratus (golden or Syrian hamster).


hamstring [ham′string] 1. the two tendons behind the knee or stifle and their associated muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus). 2. the Achilles tendon. A hamstrung animal has this tendon ruptured.


hamulus [ham′u-limages] any hook-shaped process.


cochlear h. the hooklike process at the end of the bony spiral lamina at the apex of the cochlea of the internal ear.


pterygoid h. the ventral extremity of the pterygoid bone around which the tendon of the tensor veli palatini is reflected.


Han sheep prolific Chinese meat and carpetwool sheep; fat-tailed variants.


hanahiri Leucothoe grayana.


hand [hand] 1. unit of measurement of height in a horse; hands high, abbreviated hh. 1 hand=4 inches=10.16 cm. 2. the terminal part of an upper extremity of a primate.


h. gallop a restrained gallop at less than top speed.


h. milking see handmilking.


hand-feeding [hand- fēd′ing] 1. feeding stored feeds to livestock, especially pastured animals in drought, flood or other stringent times. 2. newborn animals without a dam to suck being fed by dropper, bottle or spoon. Called also hand-rearing. See also artificial rearing.


image

H-9: Hampshire meat sheep.


From Sambraus HH, Livestock Breeds. Mosby, 1992


hand-foot-and-mouth disease a mild, highly infectious virus disease of children, with vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. Not related to any disease of animals. Included here for comparative purposes only.


hand-rearing rearing a neonate with milk in a bottle or bucket; standard practice with orphans, early-weaned calves.


hand tie suture tie made manually rather than with instruments.


handle [han′dimagel] the subjective sensation on palpating the fleece of sheep or alpacas; described by terms such as silky, soft, harsh, slippery.


handled said of a horse that has been caught, led, groomed. See also gentle.


handlers persons involved in the handling of, for example, circus animals. Includes grooms, milkers, herdsmen, strappers. Used mostly in referring to persons handling animals for show or auction.


handmilking [hand milk′ing] milking with the fingers; two basic techniques are used; the preferred technique is to occlude the top of the teat with thumb and forefinger and then progressively close the fingers down the teat, then release the fingers to allow the teat to refill with milk; the second method, referred to as stripping, consists of running the thumb and forefinger, or two fingers, down the length of the teat; contrast with machine milking.


handpiece [hand′pēs] sheep shears.


handslip a term describing a training method in which a racing Greyhound is urged to chase and then slipped out of its collar by hand. Used in training for moderately fast work short of full galloping and chasing a lure.


hanekam Amaranthus deflexus.


Hanger–Rose antigen a preparation of infective material, presumably including antigen derived from Bartonella henselae, obtained from patients with cat-scratch disease. Has been used as an intradermal test for the disease.


hangers used for hanging X-ray films to dry. There is a clip type, with a clip at each corner, and a channel type in which the film sits in channels in the sides of the frame.


hangnail [hang′nāl] excessive growth and cracking of the cuticle on the feet of elephants.


Hannemania chigger mites infesting amphibians, especially frogs. Cause red spots and vesicles.


Hanover a German light horse used mostly for riding, with an excellent record in equitation and dressage. Bay, brown, chestnut or black, 16.2–17 hands high. Called also, apparently incorrectly, Hanoverian.


Hanover technique a technique for correction of abomasal displacement by right flank laparotomy, replacement of abomasum and omentopexy by fixation in the flank.


Hanoverian see Hanover.


Hansen’s bacillus Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of human leprosy. Does not infect animals, except the nine-banded armadillo under experimental conditions. Included here for reassurance.


Hansen’s classification a classification scheme used to describe compression of the spinal cord as a result of intervertebral disk disease. Hansen Type I lesions are the result of interverteral disk extrusion, generally occur acutely and occur more commonly in chondrodystrophoid breeds. Hansen Type 2 lesions are the result of intervertebral disk protrusion, generally occur over longer periods of time and occur more commonly in nonchondrodystrophoid breeds.


Hantavirus [han′timage-vi″rimages] a genus in the family Bunyaviridae.


hao chen the characteristic fine-caliber acupuncture needle.


HAP hydroxyapatite.


haploid [hap′loid] having half the number of chromosomes characteristically found in the somatic (diploid) cells of an organism; typical of the gametes of a species whose union restores the diploid number.


h. karyotype see haplotype.


haploidentity [hap″lo-i-den′timage-te] the condition of having the same antigenic phenotype at certain specified loci; said of donor– recipient combinations in transplantation studies.


haploidy [hap′loi-de] the state of being haploid.


haplomycosis [hap″lo-mi-ko′sis] a fungal disease caused by Emmonsia.


Haplopappus [hap-lo-pap′images] a North American genus in the plant family Asteraceae (Compositae); plants contain a toxic alcohol, tremetol, and ingestion of the plant over a period causes a stiff gait, severe tremor and final collapse and death. Includes H. fruticosus, H. hartwegii, H. heterophyllus, H. tenuisectus. Called also Isocoma wrightii, Bigelowia rusbeyi, jimmy weed, rayless goldenrod, burrow weed. See also Eupatorium rugosum.


Haplosporangium [hap″lo-spor-an′je-imagem] see Emmonsia.


haplosporidiosis protozoan infection of hemocytes and organs of oysters and clams in the USA. Includes H. nelsoni.


Haplosporidium genus of parasitic protozoa in the order Balanosporida found in segmented worms and leeches (annelids).


H. nelsoni cause of multinucleate sphere unknown (MSX) disease in the American oyster.


haplotype [hap′lo-tīp] the group of alleles of linked genes contributed by either parent; the haploid genetic constitution contributed by either parent.


hapten, haptene [hap′timagen] a small-molecular-weight either inorganic or organic molecule that alone is not antigenic but which when linked to a carrier protein, e.g. albumin, is antigenic; the antibody so produced will react with the hapten alone.


haptic [hap′tik] tactile.


haptoglobin [hap″to-glo′bin] a group of serum alpha2 globulin glycoproteins, produced by the liver, that bind free hemoglobin; important in acute phase reactions (response). The different types, genetically determined, are distinguished electrophoretically.


haptoglobulin [hap″to-glo′bin] haptoglobin.


haptor posterior disk of a monogenetic trematode.


Harbin white pig a white, meat pig produced in China from local pigs crossed with Large White imports.


hard heads see Rhaponticum repens.


hard milker a cow hard to milk from all quarters because of the small caliber of the teat canals or stenosis of the sphincters.


hard palate that part of the roof of the mouth supported by the palatine processes of the incisive and maxillary bones and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. See also palate.


hard udder see caprine arthritis–encephalitis.


hard x-rays X-rays of shorter wavelength.


hardener a substance used to harden the gelatin of the emulsion on an X-ray film.


Harderian gland [hahr′dimager-e-imagen gland] an accessory lacrimal gland deep in the medial orbit found n some terrestrial vertebrates; especially developed in rodents. The function is speculative but may include immunologic defense, photoprotection and pheromone production. Called also Harder’s gland. See also nasal dermatitis in gerbils.


Harder’s gland Harderian gland.


hardkeeper an animal that is difficult to fatten.


hardmouthed said of a horse that is hard to restrain with the average bit.


hardpad hyperkeratosis of the footpads and the planum nasale; often associated with distemper infection in dogs. See also nasodigital hyperkeratosis.


hardship lines horizontal lines in the horn of hoofs; farmer belief is that they are caused by serious illness or feed deprivation.


hardware metallic foreign bodies in the reticulum of ruminants, especially in dairy cattle, and the cause of traumatic reticulitis.


h. disease traumatic reticuloperitonitis.


Hardy–Weinberg law [hahr′de vīn′bimagerg] states that in an infinitely large, closed population, in which random mating occurs, both gene frequencies and genotype frequencies will remain constant.


hare [hār] (Lepus spp.) lagomorphs in the family Leporidae. They differ from rabbits that are in the same family, by the length of their ears, and because they do not burrow and they do not live in social groups as rabbits do. Includes snowshoe hare (L. americanus), Arctic hare (L. arcticus), black-tailed jackrabbit (L. californicus), European brown hare (L. europaeus), and mountain hare (L. timidus). The young are called leverets. Called also jackrabbit.


h. fibroma a poxvirus disease of hares, caused by a leporipoxvirus, characterized by the formation of fibromas.


harelip [hār′lip] congenitally cleft lip.


inherited h. can be an inherited defect in many species; in cattle it can be combined with cryptorchidism; in sheep it may be bilateral.


harendong see Clidemia hirta.


Hariana Indian gray-white shorthorn-type draft cattle.


Harleco apparatus an instrument for assessing acid–base status of a patient by measuring the total CO2 content of the blood.


harlequin [hahr′limage-kwin] 1. a coat color pattern that consists of irregular patches, usually gray, blue or black, on a white background. Common in Great Danes. 2. a breed of fancy rabbit with harlequin coat pattern in several colors.


harmal Rhazya stricta.


harmaline [hahr′mimage-lēn] see harmine.


harmel Peganum harmala.


harmine [hahr′mēn] one of the β-carboline alkaloids found in the plant family Zygophyllaceae, e.g. Peganum spp., Tribulus spp.; a central nervous system stimulant.


harmol one of the toxic β-carboline indoleamine alkaloids in the plants Kallstroemia, Peganum, Tribulus spp.


harmonic mean see harmonic mean.


harmonic ultrasound see harmonic ultrasonography.


harness [hahr′nis] a series of leather or webbing straps fitted together like the skeleton of a garment. Used to attach the draft animal to a wagon or a buggy, even to a saddle or a marking crayon or chin ball harness.


h. galls cutaneous plaques of fibrous tissue where harness rubs.


harpuisbos Gnidia burchellii.


Harrier a medium-sized, muscular, shorthaired dog with straight legs, level back and square chest. It is a scent hound and is said to be a small replica of the English Foxhound, but larger than a Beagle.


harrier diurnal bird of prey (Circus spp.). The Northern harrier (C. cyaneus) has a widespread distribution; in the UK it is called hen harrier and has been subject to persecution because of suspected predation of grouse. Called also marsh hawk.


Harrington rod [har′ing-timagen] a threaded metal rod used to connect distraction hooks in the stabilization of cervical vertebral instability.


Harrison’s groove [har′image-simagen] a horizontal groove along the posterior border of the thorax corresponding to the costal insertion of the diaphragm; seen in rickets.


Harrison’s test a test for the presence of bilirubin in feces; the addition of Fouchet’s reagent to a 1:20 dilution of feces causes a blue color in a positive test.


hart male deer at 5 years. Called also stag.


hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) a large African antelope with long legs and lyre-shaped horns. A prized game animal, hunted for meat and as a trophy. Once widely distributed in large numbers, the populations have decreased markedly and some species are endangered.


Hartenstein’s gland the popliteal lymph node, e.g. in the pig.


Hartertia a genus of nematodes of the family Spirocercidae.


H. gallinarum found in the intestine of fowls and wild bustards. Can cause emaciation, weakness and diarrhea. Transmits Histomonas meleagridis.


Hartmannella [hahrt″mimagen-el′image] a protozoan parasite, free-living and thought not to be pathogenic, although they were at one time listed as being so.


Hartmann’s solution [hahrt′mahn] an isotonic solution containing sodium chloride, sodium lactate, calcium chloride, and potassium chloride. Very similar to lactated Ringer’s solution; used intravenously as a systemic alkalizer and as a fluid and electrolyte replenisher. Called also compound sodium lactate.


harvestmen predatory arachnids in the order Opiliones, characterized by very long legs and small round bodies, but not a true spider. Often confused with the cellar spider Pholcus phalangioides; both are commonly called daddy-long-legs.


Hashimoto’s disease [hah″she-mo′to] a progressive autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland with degeneration of its epithelial elements and replacement by lymphoid and fibrous tissue; called also struma lymphomatosis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Similar to lymphocytic thyroiditis in dogs.


hashish [hă-shēsh′] dried flowering or fruiting tops of the plant Cannabis sativa. Animals that eat it show nervous signs of incoordination, and sleepiness, sometimes alternating with periods of excitement.


Hassall’s corpuscles [has′imagel] bodies of epithelial cells found in the medulla of the thymus.


hassium (Hs) a chemical element, atomic number 108, atomic weight 277. See Table 4.


Hasson technique a surgical technique for placement of endoscopic sheaths, particularly into the abdominal cavity with minimal likelihood of damage to the internal organs.


hatchability the percentage of eggs set to hatch that do in fact hatch. Governed by many factors especially nutritional adequacy.


hatchery a commercial establishment dedicated to the hatching of bird eggs to provide day old chicks and poults to the poultry industry.


h. liquid the contents of unfertilized eggs. Used in petfood manufacture.


hatching assisted [hach′ing] close surveillance of valuable eggs, e.g. ostrich in an incubator, to ensure that environmental conditions are as close as possible to those specified for the particular clutch.


hatchling a baby bird from hatching to the time the eyes open. See also nestling.


haujeri Capparis tomentosa.


haul-in facility large animal veterinary clinic that has unloading facilities, holding pens and races and restraint chutes, etc. for ruminants and/or horses, that an owner can transport animals to for vaccinations or treatments rather than having the veterinarian visit the farm. Reduces the treatment costs by eliminating the veterinarian’s travel time charges and is a more effective use of a veterinarian’s time and an effective way of examining and treating animals. The downside is the risk to herd biosecurity when an animal is returned to its farm. Larger livestock enterprises commonly have treatment facilities built into the farm facilities for this reason.


haulms dead, dry aerial parts of plants after their seed, e.g. beans, or tubers, e.g. potatoes, have been harvested.


haunch [hawnch] 1. in conformation terms, the region of the iliac crests. 2. in the meat trade, the leg and loin.


Hauptner mouth gag a speculum for opening the mouth of horses or cows. Consists of two dental plates into which the incisors fit (the dental pad in the upper jaw of the cow). The bottom plate is fixed, the top plate can be moved away from the bottom one, thus opening the mouth, by twisting a screw-threaded handle which passes through a metal arch that goes over the nose and is fixed to the bottom plate.


Haussman, Haussman–Dunn gag a speculum for examining the mouth cavity of cattle and sheep. Two horizontal plates accommodate the upper and lower dental arcades (upper dental pad in cattle). They are carried on ratcheted scissor-type mechanisms supported up each side of the face by a poll strap. When levered open the plates stay open until the ratchet is released. Gives excellent access to the mouth but excludes incisor teeth.


haustra [haws′trimage] plural of haustrum.


haustration [haws-tra′shimagen] the formation of a haustrum.


haustrum [haws′trimagem] pl. haustra [L.] one of the pouches of the large intestine of horses, pigs and humans produced by the puckering action of the tenia coli and responsible for circular muscle fibers at 0.5–1 inch distances, and responsible for the sacculated appearance of the large intestines of horses and pigs. During activity of the large intestine the haustra appear and disappear with accompanying peristalsis.


hauteur machine-estimated mean fiber length in a top of wool; the basis for the pricing of tops.


Havana a small rabbit with a short dense coat, typically in a dark chocolate color, but also black, blue or broken.


Havana brown a medium-sized, slender cat with rich, mahogany brown short hair, including their whiskers, green eyes and pink footpads.


Havanese a sturdy, small (10–15 lb), short-legged dog with a soft, very long coat which may be slightly wavy or curly. The plumed tail is carried over the back. The body is longer than the height at the shoulder. Called also the Havana silk dog or Spanish silk poodle. The national dog of Cuba.


Haverhill fever [ha′vimager-il] Streptobacillus moniliformis.


haversian [ha-vur′zhimagen] named after the English physician and anatomist Clopton Havers (1650–1702).


h. canal any of the anastomosing axial channels of the haversian system in compact bone, containing blood and lymph vessels, and nerves.


h. glands synovial villi.


h. system the basic unit of compact bone consisting of a haversian canal and its concentrically arranged cylindrical lamellae. Called also osteon.


image

H-10: Micrograph of a single haversian system in cortical (compact) bone.


From Young B, Wheater’s Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas, 5th Edition. Churchill Livingstone, 2006

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