F | Veterian Key

F chemical symbol, fluorine; Fahrenheit; field of vision; formula; French (catheter size); statistical symbol for variance ratio (sometimes written as f).

F-2 toxin zearalenone.

F distribution the distribution of the ratio of two independent quantities each of which is distributed like a variance in a normally distributed sample. Called also variance ratio distribution.

F–J hybrid see Jersian.

F₁ first filial generation, a term used in genetics. See also first cross.

F₂ second filial generation, the progeny produced by the mating of F₁ generations.

F and R force and rhythm (of pulse).

F_cells factor the ratio of total body hematocrit to venous hematocrit; increased when the spleen is engorged with erythrocytes and decreased when the spleen has contracted, discharging erythrocytes into the circulation.

F4 see K88 antigen.

F5 see K99 antigen.

f symbol, femto-.

FA fluorescent antibody. See immunofluorescence.

FAB Felline Advisory Bureau.

Fab fragment a portion of an immunoglobulin molecule usually obtained by papain digestion, containing one light chain and part of a heavy chain with a single antigen-combining site.

F(ab)₂ fragment a portion of an IgG molecule, produced by pepsin digestion, that contains two Fab fragments, that is two light chains and portions of two heavy chains, joined by disulfide bonds in the hinge region. Contains two antigen-combining sites.

faba beans see Vicia faba.

fabella [f-bel′] pl. fabellae [L.] a sesamoid bone in the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle. Present in carnivores; most species have two that articulate just proximal to the femoral condyles. See Table 10.

fabrication [fab″r-ka′shn] breaking down of a carcass of meat into consumer cuts or boned meat.

Fabricius [f-bris′e-s] an Italian anatomist and surgeon. See bursa of Fabricius.

F-1: Distal displacement of the medial fabella (arrow) of the left stifle of a 2-year-old male West Highland White Terrier.

From Thrall DE, Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 5th Edition. Saunders, 2007.

face [fās] 1. the anterior aspect of the head from the forehead to the chin, inclusive. 2. any presenting aspect or surface.

concave f. of the Golgi complex in the developing embryo is associated with maturing secretory vesicles.

facet [fas′t, f-set′] a small, plane surface on a hard body such as a bone.

facetectomy [fas“-tek′t-me] excision of the articular facet of a vertebra.

facial [fa′shl] of or pertaining to the face.

f. abscess see malar abscess.

f. cleft very uncommon congenital defect of failure of closure at various facial sites, e.g. cleft from corner of mouth to ear on the same side.

f. dermatitis 1. lesions on cheeks and face of pigs caused by trauma from needle teeth of other piglets in the litter. May predispose to contagious porcine pyoderma. A major reason for clipping the needle teeth following birth. 2. idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats (see below).

f. eczema hepatopathy and hepatogenous photosensitization with high case fatality in sheep and cattle, caused by ingestion of sporidesmin from the fungus Pithomyces chartarum. It grows best on litter in pasture composed of plants with heavy leaf growth, e.g. perennial rye and white clover, and outbreaks occur in warm, moist periods when pasture is short and livestock are eating plant litter. Occurs mainly in New Zealand with limited occurrence in Australia, western North America and Europe.

f. fold dermatitis see fold dermatitis.

f. hyperostosis see hyperparathyroidism.

idiopathic f. dermatitis of Persian cats inflammation of the periocular and perioral skin and sometimes chin associated with the accumulation of black waxy material matting the skin. External ear canals may also become involved. Secondary bacterial and Malassezia infections are common. The cause is unknown.

f. nerve the seventh cranial nerve; its motor fibers supply the muscles of facial expression. These are a complex group of cutaneous muscles that move the eyebrows, eyelids, ears, corners of the mouth, and other parts of the face. The sensory fibers of the facial nerve provide a sense of taste in the forward two-thirds of the tongue, and parasympathetic fibers also supply the submaxillary, sublingual and lacrimal glands for secretion. The facial and vestibulocochlear nerves arise close together at the lateral border of the trapezoid body and leave the cranium via the internal acoustic meatus. The facial nerve runs within the facial canal and leaves the skull at the stylomastoid foramen. Called also intermediofacial nerve. See also Table 14.

f. nerve root granuloma chronic, inflammatory disease in calves characterized by space-occupying, granulomatous lesions on the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves and clinical signs of facial paralysis and balance abnormalities.

F-2: Severe ulcerative facial dermatitis.

From August JR, Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 5. Saunders, 2005.

F-3: Facial eczema. Skin sloughing because of damage from photosensitivity.

f. paralysis characterized by unilateral signs related to facial movements and asymmetry of the face. There is droopiness of the ear and an inability to move it, drooping of the eyelid, sagging and drooping of the lower lip and deviation of the nose to the normal side. May occur as a result of lesions within the brainstem, tympanic bulla, or as an idiopathic condition in dogs, similar to Bell’s palsy in humans.

f. sinus see malar abscess.

f. sinusitis infection and inflammation occurs secondarily to rhinitis or to damage to a horn or dehorning. Neoplasia of a horn core may extend into the sinus.

f. tumor disease see Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease.

facies [fa′she-ēz] facial expression.

facilitation [f-sil“-ta′shn] hastening or assistance of a natural process; the increased excitability of a neuron after stimulation by a subthreshold presynaptic impulse. The resistance is diminished so that second application of the stimulus evokes the reaction more easily.

F-4: Facial paralysis in a horse.

From Knottenbelt DC, Pascoe RR, Diseases and Disorders of the Horse. Saunders, 2003.

facilitative [f-sil′-ta″tiv] in pharmacology, denoting a reaction arising as an indirect result of drug action, such as development of an infection after the normal microflora has been altered by an antibiotic.

faci(o)- word element. [L.] face.

faciobrachial [fa″she-o-bra′ke-l] pertaining to the face and upper front limbs.

faciocervical [fa″she-o-sur′v-kl] pertaining to the face and neck.

faciolingual [fa″she-o-ling′wl] pertaining to the face and tongue.

facioplasty [fa′she-o-plas″te] restorative or plastic surgery of the face.

facioplegia [fa″she-o-ple′j] see facial paralysis.

FACS commonly used abbreviation for fluorescence-activated cell sorting, but is a trademark for an cell sorting instrument marketed by Becton Dickinson.

facteur thymique sérique (FTS) a peptide secreted by thymic epithelial cells.

factitial [fak-tish′l] artificially produced; produced unintentionally.

factitious [fak-tish′s] artificial; not natural.

factor [fak′tr] 1. an agent or element that contributes to the production of a result. In epidemiology and statistics called also a variable because the factor may have a number of values. In an experiment a factor is a type of treatment and in the experiment the factor will be represented in different groups by different values. Such a factor may originate spontaneously or be introduced by an investigator. 2. see clotting factors.

f’s I to XIII see clotting factors and names of individual factors.

f. VII proconvertin.

f. VIII activity a test for hemophilia A; activity is measured in biological assays using factor VIII-deficient plasma as the substrate.

f. VIII-related antigen von Willebrand antigen.

f. IX complex a sterile, freeze-dried powder containing coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X.

f. IX deficiency plasma thromboplastin component (PTC). See also hemophilia B.

f. X deficiency see Stuart factor.

f. XI deficiency see plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA).

f. XII deficiency see Hageman trait.

f. analysis a statistical method for analyzing the correlations between several variables.

antihemorrhagic f. vitamin K.

antinuclear f. antinuclear antibody.

antirachitic f. vitamin D.

f. B a complement component (C3 proactivator) that participates in the alternate complement pathway.

C3 nephritic f. an autoantibody that binds and stabilizes the alternative pathway C3 convertase enzyme; in humans, associated with mesangiocapillary glomerulonepharitis and partial lipodystrophy.

citrovorum f. folinic acid.

clotting f’s, coagulation f′s factors essential to normal blood clotting, whose absence, diminution or excess may lead to abnormality of the clotting mechanism. See also clotting factors.

f. D a factor that, when activated, serves as a serine esterase in the alternate complement pathway.

extrinsic f. see extrinsic factor.

F f., fertility f. the plasmid that determines the mating type of conjugating E. coli, being present in the donor (male) bacterium and absent in the recipient (female).

fibrin stabilizing f. factor XIII, one of the blood clotting factors that converts soluble fibrin monomer to insoluble, stable fibrin polymer.

f. H see complement regulatory proteins.

homologous restriction f. (HRF) a complement regulatory protein, which is a member of the self-recognition system that protects against complement-mediated self-injury. Called also CD59.

intrinsic f. see intrinsic factor.

labile f. proaccelerin; one of the clotting factors.

LE f. an immunoglobulin (a 7S antibody) that reacts with leukocyte nuclei, found in the serum in systemic lupus erythematosus.

f. loading a relationship between observable manifestations (or variables) and the underlying factors affecting the variables.

lymph node permeability f. (LNPF) a substance from normal lymph nodes which produces vascular permeability.

osteoclast activating f. substance produced by lymphocytes which facilitates bone resorption.

platelet f′s factors important in hemostasis that are contained in or attached to the platelets. See also platelet factors.

platelet-activating f. (PAF) a substance produced by inflammatory cells which leads to clumping and degranulation of blood platelets.

R f., resistance f. a bacterial plasmid (R plasmid) which carries genes for antimicrobial resistance; it can be transmitted to other bacterial cells by conjugation, as well as to daughter cells.

release f. a protein that binds directly to any stop codon that reaches the A site on the ribosome.

releasing f′s factors elaborated in one structure (as in the hypothalamus) that effect the release of hormones from another structure (as from the anterior pituitary gland), including corticotropin releasing factor, melanocyte-stimulating hormone releasing factor and prolactin releasing factor. Applied to substances of unknown chemical structure, while substances of established chemical identity are called releasing hormones.

transfer f. (TF) a term for a supposed dialyzable factor released from sensitized lymphocytes with the capacity to transfer delayed hypersensitivity to a normal (nonsensitized) animal. No substance with such activity has been confirmed to exist.

transforming growth f.-b (TGF-b) a cytokine that inhibits the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes and other leukocytes.

factory farming a poorly defined term; a farming system in which industrial procedures are utilized, e.g. animals in crates moving past a fixed feeding point at prearranged intervals, battery accommodation, debeaking, single animal accommodation with no physical contact between animals. Often used by some as a derogatory and generic term for any large farm despite the fact that these might use traditional farming practices.

facultative [fak′l-ta″tiv] not obligatory; pertaining to or characterized by the ability to adjust to particular circumstances or to assume a particular role. See also accumulator plants.

faculty [fak′l-te] 1. a normal power or function, especially of the human mind. 2. the teaching staff and the facilities of an institute of learning, especially a university department.

f. in the field members of the veterinary profession who are formally associated with the university faculty so that they participate in the instruction of undergraduates who see practice with them. This supplements the somewhat narrower education provided by the university teaching hospital.

FAD 1. oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide. 2. flea allergy dermatitis. 3. Foreign Animal Disease.

fadge a horse gait. See foxtrot.

FADH₂ reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide.

fading [fād′ing] 1. fading skin coloring. See Arabian fading syndrome (below). 2. declining in body condition, general health, activity and productivity.

Arabian f. syndrome (1) general health is unimpaired. Affected horses, usually Arabians, gradually lose their skin coloring on round, depigmented macules and multiple patches, most obviously around the muzzle and the perineum. It is a noninflammatory leukoderma. The cause is unknown. See also vitiligo. Called also pinky syndrome.

f. chick syndrome (2) in ostriches, used to describe any chick that is failing to gain weight and grow.

f. horse syndrome (1) see Arabian fading syndrome (above).

f. kitten/puppy syndrome (2) apparently normal young are born, but within the first week or two of life individuals within the litter gradually weaken and die. Not a specific disorder, but generally applied to infectious causes.

ostrich f. syndrome (2) (OFS) a syndrome of unknown etiology causing wasting of chicks 1 week to 5 months of age with high morbidity and mortality.

f. pig syndrome (2) see neonatal hypoglycemia.

Fadogia homblei a South African plant, member of the family Rubiaceae, and contains the polyamine toxin, pavetamine, which causes myocarditis and sudden death (gousiekte). Called also F. fragrans, F. monticola, F. oleoides, wild date, bosluisbessie, wildedadel.

fagopyrin a red, fluorescent pigment of the helianthrone family, present in Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat), and causing primary photosensitization.

fagopyrism [fg-op′-riz-m] see Fagopyrum esculentum.

F-5: Arabian fading syndrome.

From Pascoe R, Knottenbelt DC, Manual of Equine Dermatology. Saunders, 1999.

Fagopyrum esculentum [fag″o-pi′rm] a plant of the Polygonaceae family; contains fagopyrin which causes primary photosensitization. Called also F. sagittatum, F. syggitum, Polygonum sagittatum, buckwheat.

Fagus a genus of trees in the family Fagaceae; the residue (or mast) of the fruits or beech nuts are made into a cake after their oil is expressed. The cake and the nuts may cause poisoning, manifested by severe abdominal pain, convulsions and death (beechmast poisoning). Includes F. grandifolia (American beech), F. sylvaticus (European beech).

Fahrenheit [far′n-hīt] pertaining to Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist (1686–1736).

F. scale a temperature scale with the ice point at 32 degrees (32°F) and the normal boiling point of water at 212 degrees (212°F). For equivalents of Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures, see Table 3.

F. thermometer one employing the Fahrenheit scale, that is, with the ice point at 32 degrees (32°F) and the normal boiling point of water at 212 degrees (212°F).

FAIDS feline acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See feline leukemia virus.

failure inability to perform or to function properly.

f. of passive transfer see maternal immunity.

f. to thrive used generally to describe young animals which are not gaining weight or growing; can be due to disease or management problems. In llamas, used to describe a syndrome in which the young are normal in early age, but later stop growing. Has no single cause.

faint [fānt] temporary loss of consciousness due to generalized cerebral ischemia; syncope. The term is not generally applied to animals. See also inherited congenital myotonia (fainting goats).

fairy clubs Ramaria macrofungi.

fairy grass Lachnagrostis filiformis.

faking [fāk′ing] improper alteration of the appearance of a horse for purpose of fraud. Refers usually to teeth. See also bishoping.

Falabella Argentine miniature horse, less than 7 hands high, with a spotted coat color in most animals; a curiosity.

falcial [fal′shl] pertaining to a falx.

falciform [fal′s-form] sickle-shaped.

f. ligament a sickle-shaped sagittal fold of peritoneum that helps to attach the liver to the diaphragm and separates the right and left lobes of the liver. In carnivores it forms a fat-filled supporting and protective depot interposed between the xiphoid process and the overlying liver. It helps highlight the ventral boundary of the liver on radiographs.

F-6: Falabella (Argentinian dwarf pony).

From Sambraus HH, Livestock Breeds. Mosby, 1992.

Falco a genus of the family Falconidae (birds of prey). Includes F. biarmicus—lanner falcon, F. columbaris—kestrel, pigeon hawk or merlin, F. mexicanus—prairie falcon, F. peregrinus—peregrine falcon, F. rusticolus—gyrfalcon, F. sparverius—American kestrel, F. tinnunculus—Old World kestrel.

falcon a bird of prey. See Falco.

falconiform a strong, fierce and large, diurnal bird of prey, of the order Falconiformes. Prey is warm-blooded vertebrates, fish, reptiles and amphibians; some eat carrion. With the nocturnal predators, the falconiforms comprise the raptors. The group includes Old World and New World vultures, hawks, harriers, eagles, sea-eagles, buzzards, osprey, falcons and secretary bird.

falconry the sport of hunting with trained raptors.

falcular [fal′ku-lr] see falciform.

Falculifer a genus of the family of mites Dermoglyphidae.

F. clornutus, F. rostratus feather mite of pigeons.

fall [fawl] in dog conformation, hair that hangs over the face.

fall fever [fawl] see leptospirosis.

falling [fawl′ing] while walking is a common clinical sign in severe ataxia and incoordination due to any cause.

f. disease severe nutritional deficiency of copper in cattle which causes sudden death due to myocardial degeneration.

f. to one side involuntary falling down, always to one side.

Fallopia convolvulus plant in the family Polygonaceae; contains an unidentified toxin which causes hepatogenous photosensitization; called also Polygonum convolvulus, cornbind, black bindweed.

fallopian tube [f-lo′pe-n] see uterine tube. Called also oviduct.

Fallot’s tetralogy [f-lōz′ ] see tetralogy of Fallot.

fallow a pale cream, light fawn, or pale yellow coat color in dogs.

false [fawls] said of diseases or plants that have a superficial resemblance to another plant or disease.

f. blusher see Amanita pantherina—a mushroom.

false-negative [fawls′ neg′-tiv] when the result of a test in a patient is negative when the disease or condition which is the subject of the search is present.

false-positive [fawls′pos′-tiv] 1. denoting a test result that wrongly assigns a patient to a diagnostic or other category. 2. a patient so categorized. 3. an instance of a false-positive result.

falsification [fawl″s-f-ka′shn] a deliberate misstatement or misrepresentation.

falx [falks] pl. falces [L.] a sickle-shaped structure.

f. cerebelli the fold of dura mater separating the cerebellar hemispheres.

f. cerebri a sickle-shaped fold of dura mater in the longitudinal fissure, which separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

familial [f-mil′e-l] occurring in or affecting members of a closely related group of animals more than would be expected by chance.

f. aggregations groups of diseased animals concentrated in related groups of animals. Called also familial clusters.

f. cluster see familial aggregations (above).

f. convulsions and ataxia of cattle an inherited, congenital disease of Aberdeen Angus calves characterized by intermittent tetanic convulsions which are replaced as the calf gets older by incoordination and then paralysis in older animals. The characteristic lesion is a selective cerebellar cortical degeneration.

f. disease diseases which occur at a higher than expected frequency in closely related groups of animals, where the relationship is a shared environment or an inheritance.

f. renal disease includes familial glomerulonephritis, nephropathy, juvenile nephropathy, all of dogs, familial glomerulonephritis of Finnish-Landrace sheep, progressive renal fibrosis of mutant Southdown sheep.

family [fam′-le] 1. a group of animals related by blood or their inheritance. 2. a taxonomic category below an order and above a genus.

famophos see famphur.

famotidine [fam-o′t-dīn] a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, similar to cimetidine.

famphur an organophosphorus insecticide used in cattle, sheep and goats. Called also famophos.

Fanconi syndrome [fahn-ko′ne] 1. a rare hereditary disorder in humans, characterized by hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and patchy brown discoloration of the skin due to the deposition of melanin, and associated with multiple congenital anomalies of the musculoskeletal and genitourinary systems. 2. a general term for a group of diseases marked by dysfunction of the proximal renal tubules with multiple defects in reabsorption. Occurs as an inherited disorder in Basenji dogs, but has been described in Norwegian Elkhounds and rarely in other breeds. There is increased urinary excretion of glucose (in the absence of diabetes mellitus), phosphorus, sodium, uric acid and amino acids, and metabolic acidosis.

F.-like syndrome a reversible renal tubular dysfunction reportedly induced by outdated tetracycline antibiotics.

fancy [fan′se] in the name of canary breeds, refers to a special, cultivated show type of bird, rather than the ordinary type. In dog and cat circles, it refers to the entire following of breeders, owners and admirers.

fang [fang] 1. a sharp or pointed tooth. See also fighting teeth. 2. a root of a tooth.

f. hole see dental star.

Fannia [fan′e-] a genus of flies in the family Muscidae that pupate in feces.

F. australis may cause tertiary blowfly strike.

F. benjamini cause insect worry.

F. canicularis, F. scalaris may cause urogenital myiasis.

fantail [fan′tāl] a horse’s tail cut and pulled so that it protrudes only a few inches beyond the end of the butt.

fanweed [fan′wēd] see Thlaspi arvense.

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization.

Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis a human disease but transmissible to animals; caused by a Flavivirus closely related antigenically to the louping ill virus. Includes Russian spring-summer encephalitis.

Farabeuf retractor [fahr“-boof′] a hand- and finger-held surgical instrument with flat blades, one each end, designed for holding back tissues in deep cavities.

FARAD Farm Animal Residue Avoidance Database.

farad (F) the unit of electric capacity; capacity to hold 1 coulomb with a potential of 1 volt.

faradic currents [f-rad′ik] see faradism.

faradism [far′-diz-m] a method of passive exercise which can be applied locally to stimulate nerves and muscles. The faradic current applied can be varied as to pulse, wave form, voltage and location.

farcin-de-boeuf see bovine farcy.

farcy [fahr′se] the skin form of glanders. Called also glanders.

bovine f. a purulent lymphadenitis and lymphangitis of cattle in parts of tropical Africa, caused by Mycobacterium farcinogenes with Nocardia farcinica also playing a role. The lesions are mostly on the lower limbs but in occasional cases spread to the lungs. The animal’s general health is not usually impaired but it may react positively to the tuberculin test.

f. buds cutaneous nodules seen in equine glanders.

f. cords see farcy pipes (below).

Japanese f. epizootic lymphangitis.

Neapolitan f. see epizootic lymphangitis.

f. pipes the enlarged subcutaneous lymphatic vessels seen in equine glanders. Called also farcy cords.

FARM Farm Animal Reform Movement.

farm [fahrm] agricultural enterprise based on land use.

f. animal animals used for the production of human and animal food and feed, fiber, skin and hide and, to the extent that they are used in farm work, bullocks and horses used in the hauling of freight and for transport.

f. chemical includes fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides, medicines, bird repellents, poison baits: a common source of poisoning for farm animals.

dry f. a farm dependent on rainfall as its water resource—no irrigation is available.

family f. traditional basis of agriculture being gradually overcome in developed countries by amalgamation into larger farms dedicated to business efficiency.

irrigation f. a farm with a significant part of its area under irrigation.

pasture f. a farm whose principal resource is pasture for grazing animals.

f. profile a description of the resources and practices on a farm drawn up so that an assessor can estimate the financial viability and potential of the unit.

f. visits see veterinary farm visits.

Farm Animal Reform Movement (FARM) an American animal welfare group that is opposed to corporate farming and veal production.

Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) an independent advisory body in the UK, whose terms of reference are to keep under review the welfare of farm animals on agricultural land, at market, in transit and at the place of slaughter; and to advise the Government of any legislative or other changes that may be necessary.

farm-unit surveillance system a surveillance system set up on a farm in which the farmer records specifically requested types of data relating to health and productivity.

farmer–feeder a farmer with his or her own feedlot or other fattening facility in which he/she fattens cattle or sheep reared on the home farm. Numbers are small, usually less than 1000 head of cattle at a time.

farmer’s lung a subacute, immediate immune complex, hypersensitivity pneumonitis of humans caused by inhalation of dust from moldy hay, particularly the organism Micropolyspora faeni. The disease has some similarity to atypical interstitial pneumonia in cattle. See also bird -fancier’s lung.

farmyard pox a general term used to describe the several pox-type lesions humans may acquire while working with animals; includes vaccinia, cowpox, goatpox, pseudocowpox, bovine papular stomatitis, horsepox, contagious viral pustular dermatitis (contagious ecthyma, orf).

Farquharson operation a technique for submucous resection of the prolapsed vagina which excises devitalized tissues and takes a tuck in the length of the vagina. A transverse, crescent-shaped piece of mucosa is stripped away and the edges of the incision sown together.

Farr test [fahr] a radioimmunoassay for DNA antibodies in the context of autoimmune disease. Obsolete.

farrier a person skilled in the techniques of making, fitting and remodeling horseshoes, including hot and cold fitting, orthopedic shoeing. The Worshipful Company of Farriers is the 650 year old governing body of farriers in England where it is responsible for setting standards and training of farriers.

farriery the techniques used by a farrier. Part of the occupation of blacksmith.

farrow see farrowing.

farrow-to-finish a pig raising system in which piglets are born, reared, weaned, grown, fattened in the one unit. Contrast with piglets moving to other operators at each major stage of their development.

farrow-to-wean a pig raising system in which piglets are born and reared up to weaning in the one unit, then moved to the care of specialist growers and fatteners.

farrowing the act of parturition in the sow; giving birth to a litter of piglets at term, average the 115th day after conception.

batch f. a group of sows due to farrow at about the same time are moved into the farrowing facility at the same time and kept there until all are farrowed; they are then moved out; the facility is then thoroughly sanitized ready for the next batch.

f. crate cage-like, open pipework unit large enough to hold a sow but too narrow to permit it to turn around. Maximizes use of space and mechanical services, minimizes labor and feed wastage, reduces crushing losses.

f. fever see mastitis–metritis–agalactia.

f. house a specialist accommodation unit devoted to the care of sows at farrowing.

f. hysteria affected gilts restless at farrowing savage piglets without cannibalizing them. Mortality rate very high. Likely to recur at next farrowing and gilt or sow should be culled.

induced f. hormonal initiation of parturition before full term, usually with a prostaglandin.

f. interval interval between litters; 6 months is the minimal objective and the interval depends on age of piglets at weaning and the arrowing to conception interval.

f. index the number of times a sow (herd) farrows in a 365 day period. It, along with litter size and mortality from birth to marketing, determines the number of pigs marketed per sow per year (PMSY). Weaning at 8 weeks of age potentially allows a farrowing index of 2. Weaning at 3 weeks of age potentially allows a farrowing index of 2.5.

isolated f. program sows are farrowed in isolation as a means of preventing the spread of enzootic diseases, especially atrophic rhinitis and enzootic pneumonia.

f. rate the number of sows that farrow divided by the number mated.

Fartlek training a form of physical training used in humans and applicable to Greyhounds and horses. Involves exercising over long distances continuously but with variation in the speed of movement.

fascia [fash′e-] pl. fasciae [L.] a sheet or band of fibrous tissue such as lies deep to the skin or invests muscles and various body organs.

f. adherens one of the methods of attachment of actin filaments to the sarcolemma in cardiac muscle; a continuous zone of attachment.

aponeurotic f. any broad, sheet-like tendon; see aponeurosis.

f. cribrosa the superficial fascia of the human thigh covering the saphenous opening; it does not have an obvious homologous counterpart amongst domestic animals.

croup and thigh f. extensive sheets between muscle masses giving appearance of distinct molding of muscles, especially amongst horses in hard training; gives extensive attachments to muscle fascicles and serves as an energy store.

crural f. the investing fascia of the leg.

deep f. a general term that refers to a fibrous membrane of variable thickness that invests and separates individual muscles, divides them into groups, forms sheaths for nerves and vessels, becomes specialized around joints, and generally binds regions into compact wholes. See also specific fasciae here.

endothoracic f. the fascia that supports and lies ′beneath′ (superficial to) the serous lining of the thoracic cavity.

extrapleural f. a prolongation of the endothoracic fascia found at the root of the neck, important as possibly modifying the auscultatory sounds at the apex of the lung.

iliac f. covers the iliopsoas muscle below the wing of the ilium.

f. lata the external fascia of the thigh. An implant of this fascia is used in operation to correct penile deviation in the bull and for reconstruction of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament in dogs.

leg f. a colloquial, non-anatomic term for the extensive fascia, especially in horses, which converts the upper limb into a series of osteofascial compartments. Consists of a superficial layer continuous with the thigh fascia, a middle layer formed by extensive aponeuroses, e.g. tensor faciae latae, biceps, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius muscles, and a deep layer between muscles and attaching them to the tibia.

F-7: Sow in a farrowing crate.

orbital f. the faciae of the orbit, made up of the periorbita, orbital septum, fasciae of extraocular muscles and the fascial sheath of the eye, layers that connect muscles to bone, invest the eye and extend to the eyelids.

spermatic f. dense fascia surrounding the spermatic cord and testes; internal to the tunica dartos; in layers corresponding to the layers of abdominal muscle; an internal layer is adherent to the parietal layer of tunica vaginalis and an external layer adherent to the skin. Internal and external layers can be pulled apart manually during surgical exposure of the testis.

superficial f. 1. a loose fascial sheet lying directly beneath the skin. 2. subcutaneous tissue that may be fat-filled and contain cutaneous muscle.

thyrolaryngeal f. the fascia covering the thyroid gland and attached to the cricoid cartilage.

transverse f. that between the transversalis muscle and the peritoneum.

fascial sling [fash′e-l] see colposuspension.

fascicle [fas′-kl] a small bundle or cluster, especially of nerve, muscle, or tendon fibers.

fascicular [f-sik′u-lr] clustered together; pertaining to or arranged in bundles or clusters; pertaining to a fascicle.

f. block see hemiblock.

fasciculated [f-sik′u-lāt-d] clustered together or occurring in bundles, or fasciculi.

fasciculation [f-sik″u-la′shn] 1. the formation of fascicles. 2. a small local involuntary muscular contraction visible under the skin, representing spontaneous discharge of a number of fibers innervated by a single motor nerve filament.

fasciculus [f-sik′u-ls] pl. fasciculi [L.] fascicle.

f. arcuatus a tract of nerve fibers joining the frontal area with the temporal, occipital and parietal regions of the cerebrum.

f. atrioventricularis see atrioventricular bundle of His.

central nervous system f. a tract of nerve fibers of a common origin but usually identifiable only by experimental means.

f. cuneatus of medulla oblongata the continuation into the medulla oblongata of the fasciculus cuneatus of the spinal cord.

f. cuneatus of spinal cord the lateral portion of the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord, composed of ascending fibers that end in the nucleus cuneatus.

f. gracilis of medulla oblongata the continuation into the medulla oblongata of the fasciculus gracilis of the spinal cord.

f. gracilis of spinal cord the medial portion of the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord, composed of ascending fibers that end in the nucleus gracilis.

f. lenticularis a nerve bundle that connects the pallidum with the cerebrum and the brainstem.

f. longitudinalis the dorsal and medial part of this bundle of nerve fibers connects the vestibular apparatus with the oculomotor and trochlear motor nuclei as well as the medullary and spinal neurons responsible for the movements of the head and neck.

f. occipitofrontalis ventralis a nerve tract which connects the frontal cortex with the occipital lobe.

uncinate f. a tract of nerve fibers that connects the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

fasciectomy [fas″e-ek′t-me] excision of fascia.

fasciitis [fas″e-i′tis] inflammation of a fascia.

necrotizing f. a gas-forming, fulminating, necrotic infection of the superficial and deep fascia, resulting in thrombosis of the subcutaneous vessels and gangrene of the underlying tissues. It is usually caused by multiple pathogens.

nodular f., proliferative f. see nodular granulomatous episcleritis.

pseudosarcomatous f. see nodular granulomatous episcleritis.

fasciodesis [fas″e-od′-sis] suture of a fascia to skeletal attachment.

Fasciola [f-si′o-l] a genus of flukes (digenetic trematode) in the family Fasciolidae.

F. gigantica found in the liver of domestic livestock and is the common liver fluke in Africa and Asia. Similar anatomically to F. hepatica but much larger. Causes fascioliasis.

F-8: Necrotic skin lesion with underlying discoloration at elbow of dog with streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis.

From Greene CE, Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 3rd Edition. Saunders, 2008.

F. hepatica found in the liver parenchyma and bile ducts of sheep, cattle and most other domesticated species and humans. In humans and horses, the unusual hosts, the flukes may be in lungs or other unusual sites and they are often in the lungs of cattle. Causes fascioliasis.

F. jacksoni found in elephants. Causes a disease similar to ovine fascioliasis.

fasciola [f-si′o-l] pl. fasciolae [L.] 1. a small band or striplike structure. 2. a small bandage.

fascioliasis [fas″e-o-li′-sis] the disease caused by infestation with fasciola. Called also distomatosis, distomiasis.

hepatic f. acute or chronic hepatic insufficiency results. Acute fascioliasis in sheep is characterized by sudden death due to blood loss from the liver. Chronic fascioliasis in sheep and cattle causes anemia, weight loss, submandibular edema and mucosal pallor. The livers are badly damaged due to fibrosis and cholangitis and are a cause of loss at abattoirs. See also infectious necrotic hepatitis, bacillary hemoglobinuria.

f.-ostertagiasis complex a disease of cattle in which the diarrhea of ostertagiasis is accompanied by the anemia of fascioliasis.

fasciolicidal [fas″e-o-l-sī′dl] lethal for Fasciola spp.

f. drugs includes drugs effective against mature flukes, including halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g. carbon tetrachloride, the substituted salicylanilides, e.g. bromsalans, closantel, rafoxanide, oxyclozanide, the substituted phenols, e.g. nitroxynil, and the benzimidazoles, e.g. albendazole, and drugs affecting immature flukes, e.g. diamphenethide and trichlorbendazole.

fasciolicide [fas″e-o′l-sīd] fasciolicidal.

Fascioloides [fas″e-o-loi′dēz] a genus of flukes (digenetic trematode) of the family Fasciolidae.

F. magna found in the liver and rarely the lungs of cattle, sheep, deer, pig and horse and in many wild ruminants in North America and Europe. Sheep are the only species which appear to suffer ill effects because of damage to the liver by the unrestricted migration of the flukes in this species. In the other host species the flukes are enclosed in cysts.

fasciolopsiasis [fas″e-o-lop-si′-sis] infection with Fasciolopsis spp. Principally a disease of humans manifested by intestinal inflammation and ulceration.

Fasciolopsis [fas″e-o-lop′sis] a genus of trematodes of the family Fasciolidae.

F. buski the largest of the intestinal flukes; found in the small intestines of humans and pigs throughout Asia. Causes fasciolopsiasis.

F-9: Fasciola hepatica.

From Bassert JM, McCurnin DM, McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 7th Edition. Saunders, 2010.

fascioplasty [fash′e-o-plas″te] plastic repair of a fascia.

fasciorrhaphy [fash″e-or′-fe] repair of a lacerated fascia.

fasciotomy [fash″e-ot′-me] incision of a fascia.

fast [fast] 1. immovable or unchangeable; resistant to the action of a specific drug, stain or destaining agent. 2. quick.

f. death factor in blue green algal poisoning caused by cyanobacteria of water bloom; microcystin, a cyclic decapeptide.

fastigium [fas-tij′e-m] [L.] 1. the highest point in the roof of the fourth ventricle of the brain. 2. the acme, or highest point. For example in fever: the high point of constant temperature between the increment and the decrement.

fasting [fast′ing] abstaining from eating; animals do not voluntarily abstain from food and cannot be said to fast. The closest similarities are in highly strung animals such as Merino weaners when under stress, and the food aversion created by some fungal toxins.

fatal f. syndrome a syndrome seen in obese macques, but the term may be used in reference to hepatic lipidosis in cats.

preoperative f. that imposed for some hours before surgery to minimize the risk of aspiration of food from the stomach.

fat [fat] 1. the adipose or fatty tissue of the body. 2. neutral fat; a triglyceride (or triacylglycerol) which is an ester of fatty acids and glycerol (a trihydric alcohol). Each fat molecule contains one glycerol residue connected by ester linkages to three fatty acid residues, which may be the same or different. The fatty acids may have no double bonds in the carbon chain (saturated fatty acids), one double bond (monounsaturated), or two or more double bonds (polyunsaturated). See also adipose.

f. absorption test assesses the absorptive capacity of the small intestine, quantitatively by measuring serum lipid concentrations or qualitatively by plasma turbidity, at timed intervals after the oral administration of fats.

animal f. a most important abattoir by-product providing edible fat for the human food chain. Products include oleo oil and oleo stearin used in margarine manufacture and dripping or lard for commercial baking. Nonedible fats go to leather dressings, glycerol manufacture and lubricants. Beef and pork fat are the valuable ones, mutton fat having too strong a flavor for edible fat.

boiling (burning) f. see acrolein poisoning.

f. cow syndrome a syndrome of anorexia and ketonuria that occurs in well-conditioned beef cattle in late pregnancy when energy intake suddenly decreases. Precipitated by events that interfere with the cow’s feed intake for even short periods. Similar to fatty liver syndrome in dairy cattle except with fat cow syndrome there is a poor response to treatment and many cows die.

crude f. that part of a feed that is extractable by ether. Includes fat, oil, wax, resin and some pigments.

dietary f. a rich source of energy for carnivores and omnivores and to a limited extent ruminants. Are usually too expensive for widespread use other than as excipients. They aid in the formation of pellets and in reducing dustiness. Their problem is a tendency to rancidification unless an antioxidant is added.

f. embolism lesion created by a fat embolus.

f. embolus globules of fat; sufficient to act as emboli occur usually after trauma or surgery, but can also occur in hyperlipemia, myositis and atherosclerosis.

f. ewe pregnancy toxemia occurs when there is a voluntary restriction of food intake in late pregnancy associated with lack of ruminal expansion potential caused by excess abdominal fat and multiple fetuses. It is common in hobby sheep farms where it is thought that ewes should lamb with body condition scores greater than 4 rather than less than 3.5.

fecal f. increased amounts of fecal fat are present in disorders of maldigestion and malabsorption. Staining thin fecal smears with Sudan III is a semiqualitative test for fat content. Quantitative methods are also available, but other tests are used more commonly for diagnosing exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs.

F-10: Fatty liver in fat cow syndrome.

From Blowey RW, Weaver AD, Diseases and Disorders of Cattle. Mosby, 1997.

leaf f. the best edible fat from a pig carcass, from under the peritoneum.

f. marbling deposition of fat between muscle fibers. A highly desirable characteristic in beef. Is a guarantee of a carcass from a young animal.

f. necrosis necrosis in which fat is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, usually occurring in subcutaneous tissue as a result of trauma. See also lipomatosis.

orbital f. fat located between the eye and the orbit; provides shock-absorbent surroundings.

f. phanaerosis conversion in the tissues of invisible fatty substances into fat which can be stained and thus become visible.

f. sheep a class of meat sheep of any age but usually greater than one year, well-covered and judged ready for slaughter to provide prime cuts of mutton.

soft f. unpleasant soft fat occurs in pigs fed for too long on kitchen swill.

toxic f. syndrome see chicken edema disease.

fat-granule cell see gitter cells.

fat hen Chenopodium album.

fat lazy cat syndrome a lay term arising from early epidemiological studies of feline lower urinary tract disease, which indicated that decreased activity and obesity, leading to urinary retention, particularly in indoor cats, were risk factors in the development of this disease.

fat-rumped sheep a class of sheep, mostly Russian, similar to fattailed sheep but the large depot of fat is on the rump instead of the tail and although most of them are carpetwool sheep some are of Merino type with fine wool. Some breeds are Chuntuk, Kazakh, Jaidara.

fat-soluble said of substances that occur naturally in fats and are soluble in fat solvents but not in water.

fat-tailed sheep a class of carpetwool sheep with large deposits of fat in the tail and on the posterior thighs; heavyweight (rams weigh up to 400 lb), with high productivity of meat and tallow and a capacity to walk long distances on nomadic treks. Their fat tails may be either broad or S-shaped and weigh as much as 80 lb. Many breeds of this type exist in Europe, Asia and Africa. Popular breeds are Gissar (syn. Hissar), Edil′baev, Tadzhik, Saradzhin.

fatal [fa′tl] causing death; deadly; mortal; lethal.

fatality rate see case fatality rate.

fatigability [fat“-g-bil′-te] easy susceptibility to fatigue.

fatigue [f-tēg′] a state of increased discomfort and decreased efficiency resulting from prolonged exertion; a generalized feeling of tiredness or exhaustion; loss of power or capacity to respond to stimulation. Fatigue is a normal reaction to intense physical exertion, emotional strain or lack of rest. Fatigue that is not relieved by rest may have a more serious origin. It may be a sign of generally poor physical condition or of specific disease.

fattening operations farm animal enterprises in which animals in store or light body condition are fed intensively so as to produce carcasses carrying a good proportion of fat.

fatty [fat′e] pertaining to or characterized by fat. See also adipose.

f. acyl CoA generic term for long hydrocarbon chains, generally between C12 and C20, linked via thioester to coenzyme A.

f. acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) enzyme catalyzing the transfer of fatty acyl group to cholesterol, irreversible physiologically. Its action regulates the number of LDL receptors by converting excess cholesterol (which inhibits LDL receptors) to cholesterol esters.

f. change deposition of greater than normal amounts of fat in a tissue.

f. tissue connective tissue made of fat cells in a meshwork of areolar tissue.

fatty acid organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that are esterified with glycerol to form fat. All fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol, the fatty acids accounting for 90% of the molecule of most natural fats. A fatty acid consists of a long chain of carbon atoms with a carboxylic acid group at one end. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in the carbon chain. The medium and long chain fatty acids are solid at room temperature and are the components of the common animal fats, such as butter and lard. Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. The unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature and are found in oils such as olive oil and linseed oil. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) including acetic, butyric and propionic acids are produced in large quantities in the rumen by the fermentative digestion of cellulose. Much of the energy consumption of ruminants comes from these VFAs in the situation in which other animals use glucose. See also 3-omega fatty acids (below).

branched chain f. a’s. fatty acids usually containing a methyl branch; lowers the melting point compared with the equivalent straight chain fatty acid.

essential f. a’s. (EFAs) the unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and α-linolenic, cannot be synthesized by animals but are essential nutrients that must be supplied in the diet.

essential f. a. deficiency in dogs and cats, there is scaling, alopecia and seborrhea. Poor wound healing, immunosuppression and infertility have also been reported.

free f. a’s. see non-esterfied fatty acids (below).

non-esterified f. a’s. (NEFA) result from hydrolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue and used as an energy source by many tissues or converted into triglycerides or ketones by hepatocytes. Increased concentrations in the blood are a biomarker of negative energy balance where there is insufficient glucose to meet energy needs. Used most often in assessment of periparturient dairy cows and to detect negative energy balance in camelids.

f.a. nutritional deficiency a secondary deficiency occurs in pigs on high-calcium diets. This may have a connection with parakeratosis of pigs caused by zinc deficiency and calcium excess in the diet. Requirements for dietary fat in dogs and cats are usually expressed as the essential linoleic acid and arachidonic acid.

omega-3 (n-3) f. a’s. polyunsaturated fatty acids with the final double bond at the third bond from the methyl end (n-3). Examples are α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid. High concentrations found in cold water marine (fish) oils.

omega-6 (n-6) f. a’s. polyunsaturated fatty acids with the final double bond at the sixth bond from the methyl end (n-6). Found in terrestrial plants, including safflower oil, corn oil and evening primrose oil, which is a rich source of linoleic and arachidonic acids.

f. a. synthase in bacteria, a multiprotein complex; in mammals, consists of two identical multifunctional polypeptides, each containing six enzyme activities and an acyl carrier protein. Important in the synthesis of palmitate as a major source of fatty acids.

volatile f. a’s. short-chain, soluble in water and steam-distillable; acetic, butyric, propionic acids.

fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome a disorder that occurs as sporadic outbreaks in laying hens, especially those in cages. Hens are found dead with pale heads; large clots of blood in the abdomen have originated from the fatty liver; cause unknown.

fatty liver/kidney syndrome a biotin-responsive condition in broiler chickens characterized by slow growth, hypoglycemia and fatty infiltration of liver and kidney.

fauces [faw′sēz] the passage from the mouth to the pharynx, the throat.

faucitis [faw-si′tis] inflammation of the fauces.

faveira plant poisoning caused by Dimorphandra mollis.

faveolate [fa-ve′o-lāt] honeycombed; alveolate.

faveolus [fa-ve′o-ls] see foveola.

favoring an animal is said to be favoring a leg when it avoids putting all of its weight on the limb, as in lameness.

favus [fa′vs] a disease of fowls caused by Microsporumgallinae. Small white patches appear on the comb, then coalesce and thicken. If lesions spread to feathered parts typical favus shield-like scabs are formed. In long-standing cases scabs on the skin of the neck may be packed close together and, with their depressed centers, give a honeycomb appearance, hence the name honeycomb ringworm.

FAWC Farm Animal Welfare Council.

fawn [fawn] young of the small deer species. See also Table 16.

fawn calf syndrome inherited, congenital muscle contracture in Angus cattle, resulting in restricted movement of proximal leg joints, particularly those of the hind limbs. Affected cattle have poor hind-limb conformation with poor muscle mass. More severe cases have scoliosis or kyphosis. Less severe cases may survive to maturity.

fawn Irish setter syndrome see color dilution alopecia.

fazadinium bromide a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent which has some undesirable side-effects in dogs and cats and is not recommended.

FAZD Center National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense.

Fc fragment a portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, produced by papain digestion, with parts of two heavy chains. It has no antigen- combining sites, but contributes to a number of effector functions such as the binding of antibody to Fc receptors on a variety of cells, the transfer of antibody from the circulation into colostrum, the transfer across the gut of the newborn, and the binding of complement.

5FC 5-flucytosine.

FCA Freund’s complete adjuvant.

FCI Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine Organisation).

FCR feed conversion rate.

FCV feline calicivirus.

FD fatal (lethal) dose; focal distance.

FDA Food and Drug Administration.

FDP fibrin(ogen) degradation products.

FE_Ca fractional excretion of calcium.

FE_K fractional excretion of potassium.

FE_Na fractional excretion of sodium.

FE_P fractional excretion of phosphorus.

FE_urea fractional excretion of urea.

Fe chemical symbol, iron (L. ferrum).

fear [fēr] a normal emotional response to consciously recognized external sources of danger such as those often associated with loud noises, threatening gestures, strange people and thunderstorms; it is manifested in animals by flight, by attack or by cringing.

feather 1. skin appendages of all birds. Comprise a central shaft with a flat vane on either side. The shaft consists of the calamus, embedded in the feather follicle, and the rachis which is outside the follicle. The calamus has an opening at each end, the superior and inferior umbilicus. The inferior umbilicus contains the dermal papilla which produces the pulp which continues up the interior of the calamus to end at and pass out through the superior umbilicus. Each feather has two parts, the mainfeather and a small afterfeather which is attached at the superior umbilicus. Barbs and barbules form the bulk of the vane. Contour feathers are large feathers that give the bird its shape. Down feathers are very small feathers. Semiplume feathers are intermediate in size between contour and down. Filoplume feathers are hairlike and remain after other feathers are plucked. They have only one small tuft of barbs. Specialized additional feathers include auricular feathers, around the ear lobes, oil gland feathers, at the oil gland on the tail, bristle feathers on the eyelids and powder feathers in aquatic birds. Remiges are the large flight feathers of the wing and rectrices the very long contour feathers coming from the side of the tail. These are the longest feathers of all in the domestic fowl. The feather coat consists of feather tracts (see below) or pterylae that are well defined and carry contour feathers and semiplumes. They are separated by unfeathered tracts called apteria. The distribution of special feathers of particular colors in particular pterylae is what gives the breeds their distinctive appearance. The feather coat is divided up into regions that include hackle, cape, cushion, saddle, wing bars, wing fronts and wing bows. 2. long hairs on the fetlocks of draft breeds of horses and in dogs, on the ventral body, caudal aspect of the legs, and ventral tail of spaniels and setters. 3. hairstreams that produce feather-like marks, in the haircoat of an animal. Called also cow-licks.

blood f. a growing feather, which has a rich blood supply. If broken, there can be significant blood loss.

f. clipping clipping the flight feathers will prevent flight for several months.

f. coat the total feather covering of a bird. Called also ptilosis.

contour f. the externally visible feathers which determine the bird’s silhouette and the contours of the wings, body and tail.

f. cushion the plumage from the pelvic tract of the hen, forming the back cover.

f. cysts contain unerupted feathers and keratinous debris that may form large cutaneous lumps; occur most commonly on the wings of canaries.

F-11: Types of feathers. (A) Contour. (B) Semiplume. (C) Down. (D) Filoplume. (E) Bristle.

From Colville TP, Bassert JM, Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition. Mosby, 2008.

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