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16. Canine Electrocardiograms in Diseases
16.1 Amitraz Toxicity (Fig. 16.1)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 4-year-old German Shepherd with amitraz toxicity showing sinus bradycardia (heart rate 50 bpm) and low voltage not only for R but for P and T waves also
16.2 Anesthesia (Figs. 16.2 and 16.3)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of an adult male German Shepherd showing ST elevation and sinus arrest during general anesthesia suggesting myocardial hypoxia
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of an adult nondescript bitch 30 min after xylazine-ketamine anesthesia showing sinus arrest regularly after two sinus beats
16.3 Babesiosis (Figs. 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7 and 16.8)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 7-year-old male Great Dane with babesiosis (B. gibsoni) and anemia (hemoglobin level 4.6 g/dL) showing atrial flutter
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 10-year-old male Pomeranian dog with babesiosis showing low-voltage QRS complex suggestive of pericardial effusion/cardiomyopathy
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 7-year-old male Dachshund with babesiosis (B. gibsoni) showing wandering pace maker (P 0.1–0.3 mV), sinus arrhythmia (heart rate 72 bpm, varying R-R intervals), sinus arrest (blocks are > twice of normal R-R interval), increased amplitude of “R” wave (3.9 mV) and broad QRS (0.08 s) suggesting left ventricular enlargement/hypertrophy with sinus arrest
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 4.5-year-old Doberman with babesiosis (B. gibsoni) showing sinus tachycardia (heart rate 180 bpm, almost constant R-R interval 0.32 s), increased amplitude of Q (0.7–0.8 mV) increased amplitude of R (3.8–3.9 mV), broad QRS (0.07–0.08 s) suggesting biventricular enlargement
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 3-year-old Pomeranian bitch with babesiosis (B. gibsoni) showing arrhythmia and sinus arrest (ventricular heart rate 90 bpm, R-R interval 0.4–1.24 s), atrial fibrillation, and electrical alternans of R wave (R amplitude varying from 0.5 to 1.0 mV)
16.4 Carbon Dioxide Pneumoperitoneum (Figs. 16.9 and 16.10)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 3-year-old male nondescript dog showing sudden change in polarity of T wave 1 h post carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum at 6 mm Hg for laparoscopy (Maiti et al. 2013)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 4-year-old female mongrel dog showing elevation of S-T segment 1 h post carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum at 6 mm Hg for laparoscopy (Maiti et al. 2013)
16.5 Chocolate Toxicity (Fig. 16.11)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 12-year-old male Cocker Spaniel with chocolate poisoning showing sinus tachycardia (heart rate 220 bpm with almost constant R-R interval of 0.27 s)
16.6 Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (Fig. 16.12)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 17-year-old Pomeranian bitch with canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome showing ventricular premature complexes. Since major deflection of VPC is positive, the seat of ectopic focus is in right ventricle
16.7 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Fig. 16.13)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 7-year-old male Pug with diabetic ketoacidosis (blood glucose 595 mg/dL) sowing sinus tachycardia (heart rate 180 bpm) and S-T depression/S-T coving
16.8 Dirofilariasis (Figs. 16.14, 16.15, 16.16, 16.17 and 16.18)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1,speed 25 mm/s) of a Pomeranian dog with dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis) showing sinus rhythm; heart rate 80 bpm; “P” 0.04 s, 0.2 mV; normal “R” 0.8 mV; deep “S” (lead I 0.2, lead II 1.2, lead III 1.0, and avF 1.2 mV); T 0.7 mV, 0.2 s; and axis on frontal plane as −109° (calculated from lead I and lead III) suggesting right ventricular enlargement and right axis deviation (Varshney 2018)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 9-year-old Pomeranian male dog with dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis) showing bradyarrhythmia (heart rate 60 bpm, R-R interval varying), wandering pace maker (amplitude of P varying), and T alternans (amplitude of T varying)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 12-year-old female Pomeranian with dirofilariasis showing atrial fibrillation (“P” wave not recognizable and has been replaced by fine “f” wave) and low voltage “R” wave (0.2 mV). Ventricular heart rate is 140 bpm. There is no coordination between atrial and ventricular contractions
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 10-year-old female German Shepherd with dirofilariasis showing “Ta” wave (arrow). The descending arm of “P” wave is long. “Ta” wave is suggestive of right atrial enlargement
Electrocardiogram (lead I,II,III, aVR, aVL, aVF and V10, sensitivity1, speed 25 mm/s) of an adult dog with Dirofilaria immitis showing +ve “T” wave in lead V10 suggesting right ventricular enlargement/hypertrophy
16.9 Electric Shock (Fig. 16.19)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of an 8-month-old female nondescript dog with electric shock showing ventricular premature complexes after two sinus complexes. Complex 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 are sinus complex with normal PQRST; and complexes 2, 5, and 8 are ventricular premature complex. Since major deflection of VPC is negative, the seat of ectopic focus is in left ventricle
16.10 Eclampsia (Fig. 16.20)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 4-year-old recently whelped Doberman bitch with eclampsia showing prolonged Q-T interval (0.32 s)
16.11 Ehrlichiosis (Figs. 16.21, 16.22 and 16.23)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 2-year-old dog with ehrlichiosis (E. canis) showing ventricular rate as 52 bpm, atrial rate as 180 bpm, “P” (unconducted), P-R interval 0.17 s (constant in all conducted P waves), R-R interval 0.60–1.4 s, QRS > 0.06 s suggestive of third-degree heart block
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 3-year-old dog with ehrlichiosis showing atrial premature complex (Varshney et al. 2015)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 15-year-old male Dachshund with ehrlichiosis showing electrical alternans of R wave, sinus tachycardia (heart rate 220 bpm) suggesting pericardial effusions
16.12 Heart Failure (Figs. 16.24, 16.25, 16.26, 16.27, 16.28, 16.29, 16.30 and 16.31)
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of 45-day-old Labrador pup with acute heart failure and gasping showing ventricular flutters
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 7-year-old male Great Dane with signs of congestive left heart failure showing broad P (0.06 s), tall R (3.1 mV), broad QRS (0.06–0.07 s), and ST coving suggesting left heart enlargement
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 6-year-old German Shepherd bitch with congestive heart failure showing sinus arrhythmia (heart rate 130 bpm, R-R interval 0.36–0.88 s), SA arrest, low voltage R (0.2–0.3 mV), and S-T segment depression (0.2 mV)
Electrocardiogram (lead I, II, III, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a 12-year-old male Pomeranian with congestive heart failure showing broad QRS (0.08 s) in lead I, II, III, and aVF, small R (0.2 mV lead II), S 0.25 mV, MEA on frontal plane −79 to −81° (calculated from lead I and lead III) suggesting right bundle branch block
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of an 8-year-old male Mastiff with acute heart failure showing severe S-T elevation (0.6 mV) suggesting severe myocardial hypoxia
Electrocardiogram (lead II, sensitivity 1, speed 25 mm/s) of a male 6-year-old Labrador suffering from left heart failure showing ventricular heart rate as 60 bpm, increased amplitude of “R” wave (3.2 mV), broad “QRS” (0.10 s) and absence of P wave suggesting left ventricular enlargement with bradycardia and atrial standstill
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