Disease produced by Clostridium perfringens type D has been described in Chapter 13. Neurologic disease is often noted if affected animals (sheep, goats, and rarely cattle) do not die suddenly; the clinical signs of aimless wandering and isolation, central blindness, opisthotonus or “star gazing” and head pressing, are attributed to brain edema in acute and sub-acute cases and, in some sub-acute and chronic cases, to multifocal, bilateral, and symmetrical encephalomalacia resulting from initial perivascular edema in the brain and hypoxic injury.