D

D

D chemical symbol, deuterium.

2,4-D see 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

d symbol, deci-; 2′-deoxyribo.

d– prefix, dextro-.

Δ delta, capital; fourth letter in the Greek alphabet. A symbol for increment.

δ delta, small letter; fourth letter in the Greek alphabet.

D gene segment see diversity gene.

D-loop a structure produced during the initial stages of the replication of a circular DNA molecule as a result of strand displacement, by the leading strand, of the unreplicated lagging strand.

4D meat meat from animals which are dead, diseased, dying or have been destroyed. Usually salvaged for rendering.

dacarbazine (DTIC) [d–kahr’b–zēn] an alkylating and antimetabolite, cell-cycle nonspecific antineoplastic agent.

Dachshund a small (approximately 20–25 lb) breed of dog characterized by its long body, deep chest and very short legs. A German breed, the name means ‘badger dog’, bred for hunting small game. There are three coat types: smooth (or shorthaired), longhaired and wire-haired, found in black, shades of brown, brindled and dappled. A miniature variety (less than 10 lb) is also bred in all three coat types. The breed is predisposed to intervertebral disk protrusion, acanthosis nigricans, cystinuria and diabetes mellitus.

Dacie’s fluid a diluting fluid containing trisodium citrate and formalin, used for blood counts, particularly for fish blood.

Dacron polyethylene terephthalate, a polyester synthetic material used widely for vascular prostheses.

dacryagogue 1. an agent that induces a flow of tears. 2. a lacrimal duct.

dacry(o)- word element. [Gr.] tears or the lacrimal apparatus of the eye.

dacryoadenalgia [dak”re-o-ad”–nal’j] pain in a lacrimal gland.

dacryoadenectomy [dak”re-o-ad”–nek’t–me] excision of a lacrimal gland.

dacryoadenitis [dak”re-o-ad”–ni’tis] inflammation of a lacrimal gland.

dacryoblennorrhea [dak”re-o-blen”o-re’] mucoid discharge emanating from the lacrimal apparatus.

dacryocele [dak’re-o-sēl”] see dacryocystocele.

dacryocyst [dak’re-o-sist”] see lacrimal sac.

dacryocystalgia [dak”re-o-sis-tal’j] pain in the lacrimal sac.

dacryocystectomy [dak”re-o-sis-tek’t–me] excision of the lacrimal sac.

dacryocystitis, dacrocystitis [dak”re-o-sis-ti’tis] inflammation of the lacrimal sac.

dacryocystoblennorrhea [dak”re-o-sis”to-blen”o-re’] mucoid discharge emanating from the lacrimal sac, with constriction of the lacrimal duct.

dacryocystocele [dak”re-o-sis’to-sēl] hernial protrusion of the lacrimal sac; dacryocele.

dacryocystoptosis [dak”re-o-sis”top-to’sis] prolapse of the lacrimal sac.

D-1: Severe dacryocystitis with multifocal cutaneous draining tracts in a Weimaraner.

Dziezyc J, Millchamp N, Color Atlas of Canine and Feline Ophthalmology. Saunders, 2005

dacryocystorhinography [dak-re-o-sis”to-ri-nog’r–fe] radiographic imaging of the nasolacrimal apparatus; usually performed before and after injection of an iodinated contrast agent through the lacrimal puncta.

dacryocystorhinostenosis [dak”re-o-sis”to-ri”no-st–no’sis] narrowing of the nasolacrimal duct.

dacryocystorhinostomy [dak”re-o-sis”to-ri-nos’t–me] surgical creation of an opening between the lacrimal sac and nasal cavity.

dacryocystorhinotomy [dak”re-o-sis”to-ri-not’–me] passage of a probe through the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity.

dacryocystostenosis [dak”re-o-sis”to-st–no’sis] narrowing of the lacrimal sac.

dacryocystostomy [dak”re-o-sis-tos’t–me] surgical creation of a new opening to permit drainage from the lacrimal sac.

dacryocystotomy [dak”re-o-sis-tot’–me] incision of the lacrimal sac.

dacryocyte [dak’re-o-sīt] a teardrop shaped red blood cell; observed in fragmentation anemia and myelofibrosis, but can also be an artifact. Found in iron-deficient ruminants, including llamas.

dacryohemorrhea [dak”re-o-hem”o-re’] the discharge of tears mixed with blood.

dacryolith [dak’re-o-lith”] a lacrimal calculus.

dacryolithiasis [dak”re-o-l–thi’–sis] the presence of dacryoliths.

dacryoma [dak”re-o’m] a tumor-like swelling due to obstruction of the lacrimal duct.

dacryon [dak’re-on] the point where the lacrimal, frontal and maxillary bones meet.

dacryops [dak’re-ops] distention of the lacrimal duct with fluid. Compare with canaliculops.

dacryopyorrhea [dak”re-o-pi”o-re’] the discharge of tears mixed with pus.

dacryorrhea [dak”re-o-re’] excessive flow of tears.

dacryoscintigraphy [dak”re-o-sin-tig’r–fe] scintigraphy of the lacrimal ducts.

dacryosolenitis [dak”re-o”so-l–ni’tis] inflammation of a lacrimal duct.

dacryostenosis [dak”re-o-st–no’sis] stricture or narrowing of a lacrimal duct.

dacryosyrinx [dak”re-o-sir’inks] 1. lacrimal duct. 2. a lacrimal fistula. 3. a syringe for irrigating the lacrimal ducts.

dactinomycin [dak”t–no-mi’sin] an antibiotic of the actinomycin complex (actinomycin D), produced by several species of Streptomyces; used as an antineoplastic agent.

dactyl [dak’tl] a digit.

Dactylaria gallopava [dak-t–lār’e-] seeOchroconis gallopavum. A thermophilic dematiaceous hyphomycete known to cause encephalitis in chicken and poults. Called also dactylariosis.

dactylariosis [dak-t–lār”e-o’sis] a fungal encephalitis of birds caused by Ochroconis (Dactylaria) gallopavum.

Dactylis glomerata a valuable temperate region pasture grass which contains a lamb growth inhibitor. Called also cocksfoot, orchard grass.

dactylitis [dak”t–li’tis] inflammation of a digit.

dactyl(o)- word element. [Gr.] a digit.

Dactyloctenium radulans Australian grass of the family Poaceae. Contains toxic amounts of nitrate when growing in heavily fertilized soil such as that in stockyards, but elsewhere is a valuable pasture plant. Called also button grass.

dactylogryposis [dak”t–lo-gr–po’sis] permanent flexion (contracture) of the digits.

Dactylogyrus [dak”t–lo-ji’rs] a genus of monogenetic flukes of the family Dactylogyridae that infest fish.

D. extensus, D. vastator cause an important parasitic disease of the gills of marine and freshwater fish.

dactylolysis [dak”t–lol’–sis] 1. surgical correction of syndactyly. 2. loss or amputation of a digit.

dactylomegaly [dak”t–lo-meg’–le] abnormally large digits.

dactylus [dak’t–ls] pl. dactyli [L.] a digit.

daddy-long-legs Pholcus phalangioides; see harvestmen.

DAF decay-accelerating factor.

daffodil [daf’–dil] see Narcissus.

d. tree Cascabela thevetia (Thevetia peruviana).

daft lamb see cerebellar atrophy.

dagging removal of lumps of wool matted together with feces (dags) from the perineal region of the sheep.

dags locks or staples of wool in the crutch that are heavily fouled with caked feces.

daidzein an estrogenic plant isoflavone.

daily pull and dead records a daily account kept in a feedlot of the deaths and the animals pulled out of each pen because of illness or injury.

dairy 1. a retail outlet for milk products. 2. the feeding and milking sheds on a dairy farm. 3. pertaining to or emanating from an animals or other thing concerned in the production of milk, e.g. dairy goat, dairy cleanser.

d. barn standard indoor housing in temperate and subarctic northern hemisphere countries; a common plan is to have animals housed on the ground floor and grain and hay on the top floor from which it is delivered to the anima s below; the cows are tied in stanchions and milked on the spot or roam free and are milked in a parlor.

d. breeds see Australian Shorthorn, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss cattle, Dairy shorthorn, Jersey, Guernsey, Holstein-Friesian, Red poll, Australian milking zebu, British white, Dexter, Jamaica hope, Milking shorthorn.

d. calf calf of a mating between a bull and a cow, both of dairy breeds.

d. cow cow of a breed specifically defined as being for milk production, as distinct from a beef or dual purpose breed.

d. farmer a farmer whose major enterprise is dairy farming.

d. herd includes milking cows, dry cows, heifers (maiden and in- calf), calves and, where needed, bulls. Called also milking herd, dry herd, followers.

d. herd improvement programs traditionally a centralized system, usually sponsored by a government or a farmer-owned cooperative, for recording milk yield and quality and assessing the productive status of individual cows. Larger herds now tend to use programs that are on-farm and stand alone within the single business. With both, recommendations are then made relative to culling or mating program for herd and the individual cows. Programs with a central database provide information on which regional or national analyses of performance can be made relative to a multiplicity of variables, such as herd size, parity, production, reproductive performance, culling, breed, times per day milking.

d. industry includes the farms, the milk collecting and handling services, the processors, manufacturers and retailers and the private and government organizations involved in a coordinating or controlling function with respect to the harvesting and disposal of dairy products.

d. sanitizers disinfectants suitable for use in an environment and in a situation in which contamination of the human food chain is likely to occur.

Dairy shorthorn the dairy variety of the Shorthorn breed of cattle. Called also Milking shorthorn.

dairyCHAMP a computer program designed to aid dairy herd health and production management. Originates from the University of Minnesota.

dairyCOMP 305 an on-farm computer program devised to participate in dairy herd health management.

dairying 1. the occupation of being a dairy farmer. 2. the practice of running a dairy farm.

seasonal d. breeding the herd as a block so as to have the herd calve when feed supplies are good.

year-round d. a management system in which cows are bred to calve so that there is a constant influx of freshly calved cows.

dairyMAN a dairy computer program designed to aid dairy herd health and production management. Originates from Massey University, New Zealand.

DAISY acronym for Dairy Information System — a well-known herd health program and dairy information management system. Designed at Reading University, UK.

daisy flowering plants in a number of different genera in the family Asteraceae. Their flowers are carried in a dense mass in a disc, usually with only the outer ones bearing petals.

African d. Senecio pterophorus.

plains plover-d. Leiocarpa brevicompta.

South African d. Osteospermum.

sunflower d. Wedelia asperrima.

tufted burr d. Calotis scapigera.

wild everlasting d. Helichrysum argyrosphaerum.

woolly everlasting d. Argentipallium blandowskianum.

yellow d. Wedelia asperrima.

Dakin’s solution [da’kin] an aqueous solution containing 0.5% available chlorine as sodium hypochlorite and sodium bicarbonate; used in enormous quantities when veterinary surgery was a barnyard and kitchen table practice, and infected wounds were the norm. It was in general use as a local antibacterial and to irrigate wounds.

DALA delta-amino levulinic acid.

dalapon a chlorinated acid used as a herbicide; experimentally high doses cause abortions and weak lambs; nontoxic at normal concentrations.

Dales pony English heavy miniature horse, 14–14.2 hands high, usually black or dark brown, sometimes gray.

dalfopristin [dal-fo’pris-tin] see quinopristin/dalfopristin.

Dall sheep Ovis dalli; a medium-sized wild sheep.

Dallas grass Paspalum dilatatum.

Dalmatian a medium-sized, shorthaired dog distinguished by its white color with black or brown (liver) spots distributed uniformly over the entire body. The breed has a unique protein metabolism that results in high levels of uric acid excretion into the urine. As a result the breed is predisposed to urate uroliths and some dermatoses believed to be associated with this metabolic characteristic. It also is affected by inherited deafness and a cavitating leukodystrophy. Called also English coach dog, Carriage dog, Plum pudding dog, Fire house dog and Spotted Dick.

normal uric acid (NUA) D’s selective breeding of dogs without the gene mutation that causes high concentration of uric acid and predisposes to formation of uroliths, has produced a line of Dalmations with a normal concentration of uric acid.

Dalmatian insect powder see pyrethrum.

Dalmeny disease see sarcocystosis.

dalteparin [dal-tep’–rin] a low molecular weight heparin used in dogs in the treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism.

dalton [dawl’tn] an arbitrary unit of mass, being one-twelfth the mass of the nuclide of carbon-12, equivalent to 1.657 × 10–²⁴ g. Called also atomic mass unit.

Dalton’s law [dawl’tn] the pressure exerted by a mixture of nonreacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the separate components.

dam [dam] female parent.

d. line characteristics contributed to the offspring of a cross mating by the dam.

d.-offspring bond the close relationship of seeking, suckling and protecting imprinted at birth by sight, taste and smell. Called also maternal bond.

dam-family average the average performance of the full-sib family of which the subject is a member.

Damalinia [dam”–lin’e-] a genus of mammal lice of the superfamily Ischnocera. Called also Bovicola. Includes Damalinia bovis (cattle), D. caprae (goats), D. crassiceps (goats), D. equi syn. D. pilosus (horses), D. limbata (Angora goats) and D. ovis (sheep).

DAMN IT acronym for a clinical investigation plan, based on probable pathophysiologic causes of the disease present. It consists of Degenerative, developmental; Allergic, autoimmune; Metabolic, mechanical; Nutritional, neoplastic; Inflammatory, immunemediated, iatrogenic, ischemic, idiopathic; Toxic, traumatic.

damping [damp’ing] 1. steady diminution of the amplitude of successive vibrations of a specific form of energy, as of electricity. 2. sprinkling a feed with water to reduce dust and inhalation of dust as a prevention of chronic obstructive respiratory disease in horses and dust tracheitis in feedlot steers.

danazol [dan’–zol] an attenuated androgen that suppresses the ovarian-pituitary axis by inhibiting the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland. In animals, it has been used in the treatment of immune-mediated disorders, including anemia and thrombocytopenia.

dancing pigs see congenital tremor syndrome.

dandelion [dan’d–li”n] see Taraxacum officinale.

false d. see Hypochaeris radicata.

D-2: Dandie Dinmont terrier.

dander [dan’dr] small scales from the hair or feathers of animals, which may be a cause of allergy in sensitive persons.

Dandie Dinmont terrier a small dog with pendulous ears and a medium length, crisp coat in colors described as mustard (fawn to reddish brown) or pepper (dark bluish black to light silvery gray). The legs are short, with the front being shorter than the rear so the shoulder height is about 10 inches. The large head is accentuated by a fluffy topknot.

dandruff [dan’drf] excessive scaling from the skin or, in humans, scalp.

walking d. cheyletiellosis; so-called because the light-colored mites are visible as they move across the hair coat.

dandy-brush a grooming brush of stiff whisk fiber.

Dandy-Walker syndrome [dan’de wawk’dr] congenital hydrocephalus due to obstruction of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka. A deformity in humans also recorded in dogs and sheep. Called also Dandy-Walker malformation.

danewort Sambucus ebulus.

dangerous wild animals animals that may be specified by local legislation as requiring a license if they are to be kept by a private person and outside circuses or zoos, which are legislated for separately.

Danio rerio a tropical aquarium fish also used extensively as a biomedical research model. Called also zebrafish.

Danish black pied cattle Danish black and white dairy cattle, originated from Dutch Friesian.

Danish hobbles see Abildgaard method.

Danish red cattle Danish red dairy cattle.

Danish Swine Slaughter Data System a centralized, computer- based system by which pig health can be monitored via an abattoir meat inspection service. There is a standard list of diagnostic codes which ensures compatibility of results over a number of operators.

DANMAP Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme, established by the Danish government to monitor antimicrobial resistance in food animals.

danofloxacin antimicrobial agent of the fluoroquinolone group with a wide range of activity against bacteria and mycoplasmas.

dan’s cabbage Senecio latifolius, S. isatideus.

Danthonia widespread, perennial bunchgrass and a palatable pasture grass. Called also California oatgrass.

danthron a by-product of the dye industry used as a purgative, especially in horses. Called also dihydroxyanthraquinone. Veterinary practice with horses has veered away from these relatively violent purges and depends on mineral oil or liquid paraffin to treat constipation.

dantrolene [dan’tro-lēn] skeletal muscle relaxant producing its effect primarily on the neuromuscular junction and the muscle tissue, and only secondarily on the central nervous system.

Daphne [daf’ne] a genus of plants in the family Thymelaceae; contain dihydroxycoumarin glycosides, e.g. daphnetin; these are very toxic and cause severe irritation to the gut, leading to severe enteritis, vomiting and diarrhea. Includes D. cneorum, D. genka, D. laureola, D. mezereum. Called also spurge laurel, mezereon, garland flower, wood or copse laurel, wild pepper, spurge olive, dwarf bay.

daphnetin [daf-ne’tin] toxic dihydroxycoumarin glycoside found in Daphne spp.

Daphnia pulex [daf’ne-] a water flea; one of the intermediate hosts of Echinuria uncinata, a roundworm of ducks.

daphnin [daf’nin] a nontoxic glycoside inDaphne. Called also mezerein.

Daphniphyllum humile a plant in the family Daphniphyllaceae poisonous to cattle in Japan. Called also D. macropodum var. humile.

dapple a spotted, mottled or irregularly pigmented coat color pattern, usually with darker colors on a lighter background, seen in some Dachshunds. A similar pigmentation pattern in longhaired dog breeds such as Collies is usually called merle. Also occurs commonly in horses of any color, but is most striking in grays. May be noticeable only when the coat is short.

dapsone [dap’sōn] an antibacterial used in humans for the treatment of leprosy and malaria. Used in cats to treat mycobacterial infections, particularly feline leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium.

darbepoetin alfa [dahr”be-poi’–tin al’f] a synthetic form of erythro- poietin used in humans for the treatment of non-regenerative anemia of chronic kidney disease. It is also subject to abuse as a performance enhancing drug in human athletes and in race horses.

dark [dark] approaching black; reflecting little light.

d. firm, dry muscle see dark cutting beef.

d. room a room dedicated to the processing of film; must be light- proof, temperature stable and fitted with water and power.

Darling’s disease [dahr’ling] histoplasmosis.

darmstadtium (Ds) a chemical element, atomic number 110, atomic weight 281. See Table 4.

darnel [dahr’nl] see Lolium temulentum.

Darrows solution a mixture of potassium chloride, sodium chloride and sodium lactate; used in fluid therapy to repair a potassium deficit. Called also lactated potassium saline injection.

dart [dart] see blow dart.

d. gun see blow dart.

Dartmoor pony English heavy pony, 12.2 hands high, bay, black or brown.

dartoid [dahr’toid] resembling the dartos.

dartos [dahr’tos] the contractile tissue under the skin of the scrotum; called also tunica dartos.

darwinism [dahr’win-iz-m] the theory of evolution according to which higher organisms have been developed from lower ones through the influence of natural selection.

dassie [das’e] see hyrax.

Dasypsyllus gallinulae a species of flea in the order Siphonaptera. It is found on wild birds.

Dasypus novemcinctus see armadillo.

dasyurids carnivorous marsupials in the family Dasyuridae. Includes Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), phascogales, antechinus, quolls, dunnarts and kowari.

data [da’t] plural of datum. A collection of information or facts. See also information.

d. adjustment for useful results data often need to be modified before analysis; for example for age, for sex or for difficulty or for number of attempts.

d. analysis submission of data to statistical analysis; includes sorting into categories and determining relationships between variables.

d. capture a mechanism for collecting specified segments or categories of data from a stream of automatically recorded data some of which may be irrelevant for the specific purpose.

categorical d. are qualitative and suited to classification into categories. Further divisible into nominal (names), ordinal (levels of quality, development), dichotomized (mutually exclusive).

continuous d. data which have an infinite number of possible values.

diagnostic d. lists of diagnoses and data of clinical signs, clinical pathology results and pathology lesions used in the making of diagnoses.

D-3: Dartmoor pony. From Sambraus HH, Livestock Breeds. Mosby, 1992.

dimensional d. numerical or quantitative data. May be explicit and therefore continuous, or grouped into approximate groups, e.g. nearest whole number, i.e. discrete data.

discrete d. data that have finite (usually whole integer) value and therefore fall naturally into groups of similar values; opposite to continuous data.

incidence d. data related to the occurrence of specific disease incidents.

minimum d. set an accepted list of terms and definitions necessary for veterinary records aimed at creating useful animal disease records. Called also uniform basic data set.

non-normal d. data whose frequency distribution is markedly different to that of normal data (see below).

normal d. data which manifests graphically as a bell-shaped curve distributed symmetrically about the peak value.

ordinal d. a type of data containing limited categories with a ranking from the lowest to the highest, e.g. very mild, moderate, severe.

paired d. see paired data.

passive d. data acquired from records collected for some other purpose.

pre-existing d. data in existence before the commencement of a study. Of limited value unless they are exactly the data required, have been collected adequately, and a group of pre-existing controls with their corresponding data can be identified.

prevalence d. disease occurrences are recorded against the size of the population at risk at the time.

raster d. representation one of two formats for data representation (the other being vector) in GIS consisting of a number of equally sized square cells (rectangles, hexagons, and equilateral triangles) forming a grid. The size of the grid determines the spatial resolution of the raster. Easy to manipulate but consumptive of computer storage. Called also grid data.

raw d. data as they are collected and before any calculation, ordering, etc. has been done.

screening d. data obtained by periodic diagnostic testing of randomly selected samples of a population.

secondary d. the use of data for purposes other than that for which it was intended.

sentinel d. data collected from sentinel animals or other recording units.

vector d. representation one of two formats for data representation (the other being raster) in GIS where points are represented as pairs of x, y coordinates, lines a string of points, and polygons as lines that form closed areas. Called also polygon data representation.

Data source the collecting agency.

Datisca glomerata North American plant in the family Datiscaceae; contains an unidentified toxin which causes diarrhea, enteritis. Called also durango root.

Datura [da-too’r] a genus of toxic plants in the family Solanaceae; contain tropane alkaloids including hyoscine (scopolamine),hyoscyamine, atropine which cause excitement, restlessness, pupillary dilation, dryness of the oral mucosa. Poisoning in animals is rare and usually results from eating crushed seeds. Includes D. candida (Brugmansia, angel’s trumpet), D. ferox (false castor oil plant, thorn apple), D. inoxia, D. leichhardtii, D. metel, D. meteloides, D. sanguinea (Brugmansia sanguinea), D. suaveolens (Brugmansia suaveolens), D. wrightii. D. stramonium is also reported to cause arthrogryposis in piglets when fed to their dams. Fortunately the plant is very unpalatable. Called also devil’s food, devil’s trumpet, false castor oil plant, Jamestown lily, Jamestown weed, jimson weed, mad apple, thorn apple.

Daubentonia the plant genus Sesbania spp.

Daucus carota [daw’ks] plant in the family Apiaceae; excessive consumption has caused hypervitaminosis A in a rabbit. Called also carrot, Queen Anne’s lace, wild carrot.

daughter [daw’tr] 1. female offspring. 2. arising from cell division, as a daughter cell. 3. product of the decay or radioactive disintegration of a radionuclide. Usually formed as a result of successive transformations in a series. See also decay (3).

d. cyst see daughter cyst.

daunomycin [daw-no-mi’sin] see daunorubicin.

daunorubicin an anthracycline antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus that is closely related to doxorubicin and has antimitotic, cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects.

Davainea [da-va’ne-] a genus of tapeworms of the family Davaineidae.

D. proglottina causes severe enteritis in fowls and other gallinaceous birds.

Davis forceps thumb-operated tissue forceps with a special atraumatic grasping surface to its blades — a hollow surrounded by shallow ridges. Designed for handling lung.

Davison-Danielli membrane model first generally accepted model of membrane structure proposing a lipid bilayer as the basis of the structure.

day blindness see hemeralopia.

day length the number of daylight hours per day, increasing towards midsummer and the reverse towards midwinter. The effective trigger in the commencement and cessation of the breeding seasons in those species that demonstrate seasonal breeding.

day-old chicks the standard output from the hatchery for broiler growers and egg producers in the poultry industry.

days open the period between calving and conception in cows. Called also calving-to-conception interval.

dazzle response eyelid closure and sometimes aversion of gaze in response to a bright light being directed into the eye; a test of all subcortical portions of light perception including the retina, optic nerve, and central visual pathways as far as the superior colliculus and the facial nerve.

2,4-DB 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butanoic acid; a phenoxyacid herbicide, not poisonous in its own right but may cause damaged plants to have higher than normal concentrations of nitrate.

Db chemical symbol, dubnium.

DCAD dietary cation-anion difference.

DCT dry cow treatment.

DD dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, an insecticide; see chlorinated hydrocarbons.

DDAVP see desmopressin.

DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a powerful insect poison; see chlorinated hydrocarbons.

DDVP see dichlorvos.

DDx abbreviation for differential diagnosis; used in medical records.

de- word element. [L.] down from; sometimes negative or privative, and often intensive.

de Bruin spatula a small, hand-held obstetrical spatula manipulated from inside the uterus and used to remove the skin of the fetus by blunt dissection.

De Qi in acupuncture the term applied to the nervous stimulus passing from the acupuncture point to the brain. Felt by the patient as a needling sensation.

de Vita pin a bone pin used to stabilize hip luxations by being placed ventral to the ischial tuberosity, dorsal to the femoral neck, and into the ilium. It forms an extension of the dorsal and lateral acetabular rim.

DEA dog erythrocyte antigen.

dead [ded] destitute of life. The state of death.

dead animal disposal in most intensive farming areas, dead stock facilities (knackery yards in some countries) and rendering works are markets for cadavers. In extensive farming areas burning or burial is desirable but natural decay is a common outcome. Composting is increasingly used.

dead man’s fingers Oenanthe crocata.

deadgrass [ded’gras] a coat color of pale yellow to tan, associated particularly with the Chesapeake Bay retriever breed of dogs.

deaf [def] lacking the sense of hearing or not having the full power of hearing; exhibiting deafness.

deafness [def’nis] lack or loss, complete or partial, of the sense of hearing.

conductive d. deafness in which sound vibrations are interrupted in the outer or middle ear and do not reach the inner ear and its nerve endings. Most commonly caused by otitis externa and the presence of debris in the external ear canal or tympanic bulla.

congenital d. infrequent in dogs and cats, except in certain breeds; not recorded in other species. In most cases is due to cochlear duct degeneration. See also inherited deafness (below).

cortical d. that due to disease of the cortical centers of the cerebrum.

inherited d. occurs in some blue-eyed white cats and in some dog breeds; particularly common in the Dalmatian. In some, it is associated with coat coloration, e.g. white Bull terriers, merle collies and Old English sheepdogs.

nerve d. due to degeneration of the acoustic sensory organ. Most common in dogs at an early age and associated with incomplete pigmentation of the haircoat and the uvea, in animals with a white or merle coat color. Occurs also in mink, cats and mice.

senile d. due probably to degeneration of the hair cells in the organ of Corti, and to loss of neurons in the spinal ganglion; very common in aged dogs. Called also presbycusis.

sensorineural d. due to damage of the inner ear nerve endings, the cochlear portion of the eighth cranial nerve, the vestibulocochlear nerve, or the cortical hearing center. See also nerve deafness (above).

toxic d. overdosing with aminoglycoside antibiotics causes deafness.

transmission d. conductive hearing loss.

deamidase [de-am’–dās] an enzyme that splits amides to form a car- boxylic acid and ammonia.

deamidization [de-am’’–d–za’shn] liberation of the ammonia from an amide.

deaminase [de-am’–nās] an enzyme causing deamination, or removal of an amino group from organic compounds, named according to its substrate as adenosine deaminase, cytidine deam- inase, guanine deaminase, etc.

deamination [de-am“–na’shn] removal of the amino group, −NH₂, from a compound.

deAngelis technique a method for extra-articular reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament which involves placement of an imbrication suture from the lateral femero-fabella ligament to the distal patellar tendon.

death [deth] the cessation of all physical and chemical processes that invariably occurs in all living organisms. Even in humans there is at present no standardized diagnosis of clinical death. The existing procedure, and the one recommended for use in animals, is to declare the animal dead when brain death has occurred. Brain death has occurred when the animal is in a deep irreversible coma. The criteria on which a diagnosis of brain death can be made are: (1) absolute unresponsiveness to externally applied stimuli; (2) cessation of movement and breathing, including no spontaneous breathing for 3 minutes after an artificial respirator has been turned off; and (3) complete absence of cephalic reflexes. The pupils of the eyes must be dilated and unresponsive to direct light.

d. agony involuntary movements of all parts of the body in the few moments before death.

d. camas seeZigadenus.

d. cap a mushroom,Amanita phalloides.

clinical d. the absence of heartbeat and cessation of breathing.

d. rate the number of deaths per stated number of animals in a specified region in a specified, usually annual, time period.

DeBakey [de-ba’ke] pertaining to Michael E. DeBakey (1908–2008), American cardiovascular surgeon.

D. bulldog clamps surgical instruments designed for temporary occlusion of large blood vessels.

D. tissue forceps delicate surgical thumb forceps with longitudinal ribs, designed for delicate, nontraumatic vascular surgery.

debarking surgical removal of all or part of the vocal cords; practiced in the dog to reduce a barking nuisance. Called also devocalization.

debeaking removal of part of the beak, usually the front third of the upper beak, of domestic fowls to prevent feather picking and other cannibalistic vices in caged birds, particularly in intensive housing. Called also beak trimming. See also cannibalism.

debilitation being in a state of debility.

debility [dd-bili-te] lack or loss of strength; weakness.

debleating resection of the vocal cords in a pet goat or sheep which has become a noise nuisance in an urban environment.

deboned carcass meat from which the bone has been removed.

debrancher enzyme [de-branch’r en’zīm] an enzyme involved in the glycogenolytic process of releasing glucose from glycogen. A deficiency of the enzyme results in accumulation of glycogen in tissues. Both are characteristics of type III glycogen storage diseases.

débride [da-brēd’] [Fr.] to remove by débridement.

débridement [da-brēd-maw’] [Fr.] the removal of all foreign material and all contaminated and devitalized tissues from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed.

block d. a method in which the wound is packed with gauze or toweling, sutured together and then the entire mass is removed surgically. Usually reserved for badly damaged tissues.

enzymatic d. use of enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, usually applied topically, to achieve débridement.

debris [d–bre’] devitalized tissue or foreign matter.

debulking [de-bulk’ing] removal of excess bulk of tissue from a lesion either to assist in healing or as an adjunct to chemotherapy.

DEC diethylcarbamazine.

deca- (da) [Gr.] ten a prefix used in naming units in the metric system of measurement to indicate a quantity 10 times the unit designated by the root with which it is combined.

decalcification [de-kal“s–f–ka’shn] 1. the process of removing calcareous matter. Used in processing of bone samples for histological sections. 2. the loss of calcium salts from bone or teeth.

decalcify [de-kal’s–fi] to deprive of calcium or its salts.

decamethonium a muscle relaxant used in surgical anesthesia in the form of its bromide or iodide salt.

decamethonium bromide a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.

decannulation [de-kan“u-la’shn] the removal of a cannula.

decanoate [dek“–no’āt] a salt of decanoic acid.

decanoic acid [dek“–no’ik] one of the saturated fatty acids found in the endosperm of the coconut (Cocos nucifera), in coconut oil and in other seed oils. Used in diets for patients with fat malabsorption syndromes. Called also n-capric acid.

decantation [de“kan-ta’shn] the pouring of a clear supernatant liquid from a sediment.

decapeptide [dek“–pep’tīd] a polypeptide consisting of a chain of ten amino acids.

decapitation [de-kap“–ta’shn] removal of the head, as of an animal, fetus or bone.

decapsulation [de-kap“su-la’shn] removal of a capsule, especially the renal capsule.

decarboxylase [de“kahr-bok’s–lās] any of the lyase class of enzymes that catalyze the removal of a carbon dioxide molecule from a compound.

d. test tests for the identification of bacteria, based on the production of ammonia from lysine, ornithine or arginine. In a positive result, the alkaline product is indicated by bromocresol purple.

decarboxylation [de“kahr-bok“s–la’shn] removal of the carboxyl group from a compound.

decay [de-ka’] 1. the gradual decomposition of dead organic matter. 2. the process or stage of decline, as in old age. 3. in radioactivity terminology the disintegration of the nucleus of an inactive nuclide by the spontaneous emission of alpha or beta particles. Called also radioactive disintegration. Substances produced by the disintegrations are called daughter (3) compounds.

d.-accelerating factor a membrane-associated protein found on many cells, including peripheral blood cells, that prevents assembly or speeds disassembly of C3 convertase (C3bBb), downregulating the activity of complement.

decerebellate an animal from which the cerebellum has been removed, experimentally or, an unlikely event, accidentally.

d. rigidity posture that results from severe lesions of the cerebellum, especially the rostral portion of the cerebellum. The forelimbs are held in rigid extension whilst the hindlimbs are flexed cranially at the hip. May also include a degree of opisthotonus.

decerebrate [de-ser’–brāt] to eliminate cerebral function by transecting the brainstem or by ligating the common carotid arteries and basilar artery at the center of the pons; an animal so prepared, or a brain-damaged animal with similar neurological signs.

decerebration [de-ser“–bra’shn] the act of decerebrating.

decholesterolization [de“k–les“tr-ol-–za’shn] reduction of cholesterol concentrations in the blood.

deci- (d) [L.] one-tenth; a prefix used in the metric system to indicate one-tenth (10−1) of the unit designated by the root with which it is combined.

decibel (dB) [des’–bl] a unit used to express the relative intensity and pressure of sound; the ratio of two powers, usually electric or acoustic powers, equal to one-tenth of a bel; one decibel equals approximately the smallest difference in acoustic power the human ear can detect. See also bel.

decidua [d–sid’u-] a name applied to the human and primate endometrium during pregnancy, all of which except for the deepest layer is shed after birth of the young. Called also the decidual, or deciduous, membrane.

basal d., decidua basalis that portion on which the implanted ovum rests.

capsular d., decidua capsularis that portion directly overlying the implanted ovum and facing the uterine cavity.

parietal d. the decidua exclusive of the area occupied by the implanted ovum. Called also true decidua, decidua verra.

true d. see parietal decidua (above).

d. verra see parietal decidua (above).

deciduate, deciduous, decidual [d–sid’u-āt, d–sid’u-s, d–sid’u-l] characterized by shedding, e.g. teeth, placenta.

d. placenta, deciduate membrane endothelial and hemochorial placenta.

deciduation [d–sid“u-a’shn] the shedding of the decidua.

deciduitis [d–sid“u-i’tis] a bacterial disease leading to changes in the decidua.

deciduoma [d–sid“u-o’m] an intrauterine mass containing decidual cells.

deciduosis [d–sid“u-o’sis] the presence of decidual tissue or of tissue resembling the endometrium of human or primate pregnancy in an ectopic site.

deciduous [d–sid’u-s] falling off; subject to being shed, as deciduous teeth.

decile [des’īl] one of the groups when a series of ranked data is divided into ten equal parts, or dividing points between such groups. See also quartile.

decimal scale in homeopathy, the scale of dilution of a remedy. Each dilution is one in ten.

decision a choice between a number of possible answers to a question.

d. analysis a systematic approach to decision making under conditions of imperfect knowledge; a practical application of probability theory. Used to calculate the optimal strategy from among a series of alternative strategies. May be expressed graphically in the form of a decision tree (below).

d. making making a decision can be done in three principal ways and many variations and mixtures of the methods: (1) rote, the decision is made on the basis of a set of rules and no selectivity is required; (2) intuitive, decisions are made on the basis of cerebrally stored information and reasoning systems which permit a fast response. The increasing complexity of veterinary clinical questions increases the probability of error; (3) decision analysis, a means of solving complicated problems by including all of the factors that could possibly affect the outcome of the analysis in a series of sequential questions. This gives each of the factors an opportunity of affecting the outcome. The chance of error by omission can be eliminated but the process is prolonged.

d. theory the theoretical basis for decision analysis.

d. tree a diagrammatic representation of the possible outcomes and events used in decision analysis. The questions to be asked in an analysis of a question are arranged as a series of nodes each with a yes and no branch, creating an arborization effect. The sequential steps proceed with each step depending on the decision made in the preceding step.

decking multiple decks in animal accommodation or transportation facilities. Common for young animals, chiefly piglets, commercial poultry, laboratory animals, cats and dogs.

declawing [de-klaw’ing] surgical removal of the claws of Felidae and Canidae. Not a universally accepted procedure except where there are specific health implications for the patient. Can happen accidentally in penned wildlife, e.g. anteaters. Called also onychectomy.

declive [de-kli’ve] a slope or a slanting surface. The part of the vermis of the cerebellum just caudal to the primary fissure.

declivis [de-kli’vis] [L.] declive.

decoction [de-kok’shn] seeping of a substance, usually woody stems, barks, berries, rhizomes and root material, in water to obtain its soluble principles and use as a tea for oral administration. See also infusion (1).

decoloration [de-kul“r-a’shn] 1. removal of color; bleaching. 2. Lack or loss of color.

decolorizer [de-kul’r īz“r] an agent that removes color, bleaches.

decombing surgical removal of the comb in the chicken or young bird to facilitate protrusion of the head through the bars of a battery cage. Pendulous wattles may be treated in the same way. Called also dubbing.

decompensation [de-kom“pn-sa’shn] failure of compensation.

cardiac d. inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation; it is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, cyanosis and edema.

decomposition [de“kom-p–zish’n] 1. biologically speaking, the separation of compound bodies into their constituent principles; the natural process of biodegradation of animal and plant materials. Its occurrence in human and animal foods is a constant threat and preventing it is the prime objective of the food hygienist. 2. statistically speaking, the removal of accountable influences on a set of data so that only variation due to random error remains.

decompression [de“kom-presh’n] 1. the return to normal environmental pressure after exposure to greatly increased pressure. 2. the artificial lowering of barometric pressure, e.g. to simulate high altitude.

cerebral d. removal of a flap of the skull and incision of the dura mater for the purpose of relieving intracranial pressure. Decompression can also be accomplished by the intravenous injection of hypertonic solutions, e.g. mannitol, usually accompanied by parenteral corticosteroids.

gastric d. by stomach tube or transperitoneal tap. An essential part of treatment for acute gastric dilatation in dogs and horses.

deconditioning, detraining [de“kn-dish’n-ing] reversal of the training-induced adaptations, usually for physical activity; loss of fitness.

decongestant [de“kn-jes’tnt)] 1. tending to reduce congestion or swelling. 2. an agent that reduces congestion or swelling, usually of the nasal membranes. Decongestants may be inhaled, administered as spray or nose drops, or used orally in liquid or tablet form. The medication acts by reducing swelling of the nasal membranes and thus opening up the nasal passages. Among the leading medications used as decongestants are epinephrine, ephedrine and phenylephrine. Antihistamines, alone or in combination with decongestants, may also be effective.

decongestive [de“kn-jes’tiv] reducing congestion.

decontamination [de“kn-tam“–na’shn] a step in treatment for toxicosis; includes washing from the body surface, inducing emesis, and administration of activated charcoal and sometimes a cathartic.

decoppering agents drugs which promote excretion of copper; includes D-penicillamine, trientine (2,2,2-tetramine) and 2,3,2-tetramine.

decoquinate [de-ko-kwin’āt] a quinolone anticoccidial which is nontoxic but subject to a high rate of development of resistant coccidia.

decorin [dek’–rin] a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan found in connective tissue and bone, thought to be involved in the organization and mineralization of bone.

decortication, decortification [de-kor“t–ka’shn] 1. removal of the outer covering from a plant, seed or root. 2. removal of portions of the cortical substance of a structure or organ.

decrement [dek’r–mnt] the recovery after a fever; the excessive stored heat is dissipated by vasodilatation and sweating, and heat production is reduced by relaxation of muscles. Called also defervescence.

decremental conduction a phenomenon which occurs in the cardiac AV node when, during complete AV block, continued stimulation causes a slowing and diminished amplitude of phase 0 in the AV nodal cells until a nonpropagated local response occurs.

decrudescence [de“kroo-des’ns] diminution or abatement of the intensity of clinical signs.

Decrusia a genus of nematodes of the family Strongylidae. Includes Decrusia additicta (found in the large intestine of Indian elephants).

decubital ulcer [de-ku’b–tl] an ulcer due to local interference with the circulation; called also pressure sore. The ulcer usually occurs over a bony prominence such as that of the sacrum, hip, heel, shoulder or elbow. Excessive or prolonged pressure produced by the weight of the body or limb is the primary cause.

decubitus [de-ku’b–ts] pl. decubitus. 1. the act of lying down; the position assumed in lying down. 2. a decubitus ulcer.

dorsal d. lying on the back.

lateral d. lying on one side, designated right lateral decubitus when the subject lies on the right side and left lateral decubitus when it lies on the left side; lateral recumbency.

d. ulcer see decubital ulcer.

ventral d. lying on the stomach.

decussate [de-kus’āt] to cross especially in the form of X.

decussatio nervorum trochlearium [de“k–sa’she-o] the decussation of the trochlear nerve.

decussation [de“k–sa’shn] a crossing over; the intercrossing of fellow parts or structures especially in the form of an X.

d. of pyramids the ventral part of the caudal medulla oblongata in which some of the fibers of each pyramid intersect as they cross the midline and descend as the lateral corticospinal tracts.

dedifferentiation [de-dif“r-en“she-a’shn] regression from a more specialized or complex form to a simpler state.

dedrobenzperidol see droperidol.

dee [de] a metal part shaped like a capital D and used in harness to make a T junction.

deep litter [dēp] a husbandry system used in most species but especially in poultry. Any form of bedding is used but short material such as shavings or sawdust is most easily handled. After an initial shallow layer is fouled, more litter is added to cover the droppings. Additions are continued daily until the end of the housing period when the entire bed is removed. Properly cared for the system is clean and warm and easy on labor.

deer [dēr] ruminants in the Cervidae family; see also elk, reindeer, wapitii, moose and muntjac.

black-tailed d. (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) a native of the Pacific Northwest of the USA; may be a subspecies of mule deer (below).

barking d. see muntjac.

chital d. (Axis axis) a native of India and Sri Lanka, but they have been introduced to mainland USA, Hawaii and Australia; they are medium-sized, reddish-brown and have three-tined, lyre-shaped antlers which can be quite long. Called also axis deer.

fallow d. (Dama dama) a small, 150 lb, fawn deer with white spots and a white spot bordered with black on each buttock, native throughout Europe and the middle East, but introduced in many other locations, particularly game parks. The males have broad, multi-point antlers.

d. fly fever see tularemia.

d. herpesvirus (DHV) the pathogenicity is unknown.

hog d. (Axis porcinus) a small, short-legged deer native to South and Southeast Asia, but introduced in other countries. It is distinguished by its preference to run, rather than leap, with head held low. Males have three-tined antlers.

d. mouse see deer mouse.

mouse d. see mouse deer.

mule d. (Odocoileus hemionus) small, 3 ft high, native to the western US; has large, mule-like ears and tail tipped with black.

red d. (Cervus elaphus) the principal hunting deer; golden redbrown, large, 5 ft tall, and up to 650 lb; males have very large antlers.

roe d. (Capreolus capreolus; western roe deer) a small deer, native to Europe and the middle East; it is a game animal. They are red-gold to black with white buttock patch and males have three-tined antlers.

sambar d. see sambar.

sika d. (Cervus nippon) a small to medium-sized, forest dwelling deer native to Japan and East Asia, but it has been introduced to a number of other countries. It has a reddish-brown coat with rows of white spots on the back, a large white rump and a neck mane. Males have short, straight antlers with 2–5 tines, which are used in Chinese traditional medicine. Some subspecies are endangered.

d. tick fever 1. Lyme disease. 2. tularemia.

D-4: Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) the major host of the adult winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus. Courtesy of CDC.

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Tags: Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary

Jul 18, 2016 | Posted by admin in PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS | Comments Off

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