C

C chemical symbol, carbon; cathode (cathodal); Celsius or centigrade (scale); cervical; clearance; clonus; closure; contraction; cylinder; cytosine; in the electrocardiogram, C stands for chest (precordial) lead²; symbol for complement.

C3 the third component of complement; a β protein. Split into two fragments, C3a and C3b, by C3 convertase which is triggered via the classical or alternative pathway of complement activation. An inherited deficiency occurs in Brittany spaniels and very low serum concentrations occur in some Finnish-Landrace lambs. See also complement.

x chi, small letter; twenty-second letter in the Greek alphabet. Used in statistical analysis.

C_L lung compliance.

C_T thoracic compliance.

C_LT total lung–thorax compliance.

c symbol, centi-.

C aberration an abnormal chromosome resulting from the loss, duplication or rearrangement of genetic material.

C banding production of one of the reproducible banding patterns on particular chromosomes by staining the karyotype with Giemsa.

C-bands bands produced in chromosomes after special fixing and staining techniques have been applied. The bands are produced by staining of DNA which has not been removed because it is protected by a nonhistone protein–DNA interaction at the centromere.

C cell a cell type of the thyroid gland, situated between or within the walls of follicles, with numerous small membrane-limited secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The source of calcitonin. Called also parafollicular cell.

C c. tumors (ultimobranchial) adenomas and carcinomas occur most frequently in aged bulls, associated with vertebral osteophytes, osteosclerosis, ankylosis and spondylosis. Believed to be associated with the long-term intake of a diet high in calcium.

C_H domains C_H1, C_H2, C_H3 regions of the heavy chain of immunoglobulins with amino acid sequences that are constant in different antibodies of the same class.

CL domain the region of light chain immunoglobulins that is constant in different antibodies of the same class.

C effects genetic speak for the common environment, e.g. the milk supply to a litter of pigs.

C fibers nerve fibers with the slowest conduction speeds; are very slow-conducting, unmyelinated nerve fibers, principally postganglionic sympathetic fibers.

C₁-inactivator one of the six major protease inhibitors of blood; it inhibits clotting factors XIa, XIIa and plasma kallikrein, but not Xa and plasmin.

C₆ oxidative pathway see glucuronate pathway.

C-peptide the central connecting polypeptide which is part of the proinsulin molecule. It is released when the two chains of insulin are cleaved off of the single chain looped polypeptide of proinsulin.

C protein a skeletal muscle contractile protein involved in the assembly of myosin.

C-reactive protein (CRP) a serum protein produced by liver and fat cells in response to IL-6 released by macrophages due to inflammation, infection or tissue damage. It is immunosuppressive, promotes phagocytosis and complement binding to foreign or damaged cells. A biomarker of systemic inflammation. See also acute phase proteins.

C region see constant domains.

C-terminal the end of the peptide chain carrying the free alphacarboxyl group of the last amino acid, conventionally written to the right.

C-type particle a crescent-shaped formation on the cell membrane of cells associated with the budding of so named C-type retroviruses.

C-type virus a type of retrovirus, the oncoviruses.

C value amount of DNA in the haploid genome of a species.

CA cardiac arrest.

CA-MRSA community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Ca chemical symbol, calcium; cathode (cathodal); cancer.

Ca-EDTA calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. See edetate.

Ca²⁺ calcium ions.

Ca²⁺-ATPase [a-te-pe′ās] calcium pump involved in the transport of calcium ions against a concentration gradient across a membrane barrier. The transport requires energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.

CAAHTT Canadian Association of Animal Health Technologists and Technicians.

CAB 1. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. 2. circulation– airway–breathing. An alternate flow chart for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

CAB (1) Abstracts an extensive literature abstract database. See CAB International.

CAB (1) Direct an extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the bibliographic databases CAB Abstracts and Global Health.

CABI CAB International.

Caballonema a genus of the subfamily Cyathostominae of equine strongyles (nematodes). Distribution is limited to Russia and China.

cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata, a cultivated plant whose leaves contain SMCO and may cause hemolytic anemia if eaten in large quantities. The seeds contain the glucosinolate progoitrin which, on conversion to an active form (oxazolidone), causes growth inhibition in chickens. Called also drumhead cabbage.

cabbage poison Velleia discophora.

CAB International (CABI) an information gathering and disseminating service for all matters agricultural and veterinary. Communicates by traditional print and paper and electronically through its database for online consultation and general dial-up information service available through DIALOG, CAN/OLE, ESA/IRS, DIMDI and other services. CABI’s life sciences bibliographic database, called CAB abstracts, is a comprehensive bibliographic, abstracting and indexing database that covers over 150 countries, and over 50 languages. The subject coverage is extensive, including all aspects of agriculture, environment, veterinary sciences, applied economics, food science and nutrition. Its database recently reached six million records. CD-ROMs containing literature abstracts in a wide range of disciplines are also available for purchase. Periodical publications of major interest to veterinarians are Veterinary Bulletin, Index Veterinarius, Nutritional Abstracts and Reviews, Breeding Abstracts, Livestock Feeds and Feeding, Pig News and Information, Poultry Abstracts, Review of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, and Dairy Science Abstracts. Formerly the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB).

cabergoline [k-bur’go-lēn] a dopamine receptor agonist that suppresses prolactin and progesterone. Used to cause abortion in the bitch.

cacao [k-ka’o] see Theobroma cacao.

Cacatua roseicapilla see galah.

cacesthesia disordered sensibility.

Cache Valley virus one of the California serotype bunyaviruses that causes fetal disease when sheep are infected in early pregnancy.

cachectin [k-kek’tin] tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

cachet [kă-sha’] [Fr.] a dish-shaped wafer or capsule enclosing a dose of medicine.

cachexia [k-kek’se-] a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health and malnutrition. See also emaciation.

cardiac c. severe wasting that occurs in association with chronic cardiac insufficiency. The result of anorexia, malabsorption and poor tissue perfusion with cellular anoxia.

pituitary c. that due to diminution or absence of pituitary function. Manifested by progressive loss of body weight associated with muscle atrophy due to lack of protein anabolism in the absence of growth hormone.

cac(o)- word element. [Gr.] bad, ill.

cacodylic acid [kak″o-dil’ik] pharmaceutical aliphatic organic arsenical; see also organic arsenical.

cacomelia [kak″o-me’le-] dysmelia.

cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti) an omnivorous, arboreal member of the family Procyonidae, native to Central America; the coat is gray to brown and the bushy tail has black rings. Closely related to the ring-tailed cat.

cacosmia [kak-oz’me-] foul odor; stench.

cactinomycin [kak″t-no-mi’sin] an antibiotic of the actinomycin complex produced by several species of Streptomyces. It is a combination of actinomycin D (dactinomycin), actinomycin C₂ and C₃; used as an antineoplastic agent.

Cadaba rotundifolia African plant in the Capparaceae family; toxin unidentified; causes diarrhea, salivation, dyspnea, liver and kidney damage.

cadastral map shows the boundaries and ownership of land parcels, usually also having position of structures, details of land use, adjacent roads, etc. Usually constructed on a GIS and so can be overlaid with other data such as census data, topographical data, and hydrological data.

cadastre a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land owned at the county or shire level. Accurate and frequently updated as it is driven by tax revenue and the need for accuracy in tax assessment. Called also cadaster. See also cadastral map.

cadaver [k-dav’r] a dead body; generally applied to a body preserved for anatomical study.

c. disposal a serious problem in veterinary practice in the absence of a local government incinerator. Incineration and burial are the only satisfactory methods.

cadaverine [k-dav’r-in] a relatively nontoxic ptomaine, C₅H₁₄N₂, formed by decarboxylation of lysine.

cadence the rhythm of a horse’s gait. The walk is a four beat cadence, the trot is two beat, the canter has three beats and the gallop has four.

CADESI Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index. A means of objectively assessing the severity of clinical signs in canine atopic dermatitis. The severity of signs is scored on a scale of 0–3 at a large number of specified anatomic sites spanning the whole body.

cadherins [kad-hēr’ins] calcium-dependent cell-adhesion molecules.

cadmium (Cd) [kad’me-m] chemical element, atomic number 48; its salts are poisonous. See Table 4. Poisoning in animals may be caused by aerial pollution of pastures or by accidental ingestion of fungicides or anthelmintics which contain the element. Nephropathy, anemia, bone demineralization and poor hair, skin and hoof growth result.

c. anthranilate no longer widely used as an anthelmintic for pigs because of its toxicity.

c. chloride causes bleaching of teeth, anemia, cardiac hypertrophy and bone marrow hyperplasia.

c. oxide a toxic compound used at one time as an anthelmintic for pigs.

caduceus [k-doo’shs] the wand of Hermes or Mercury consisting of a winged staff with two serpents entwined; used as a symbol of the medical profession and as the emblem of most military Medical Corps. Another symbol of medicine is the staff of Æsculapius, which is the official insignia of the American Medical Association. The American Veterinary Medical Association uses a modification of the caduceus as an emblem. The staff is unwinged, there is a single serpent instead of two, and a large V is imprinted over the whole. An adaptation of the caduceus, with only one snake winding itself around the staff is the emblem of the Veterinary Corps of the US Army.

CAE caprine arthritis–encephalitis.

caecal see cecal.

caecilian limbless, wormlike amphibian in the order Gymnophiona.

caecum [se’km] see cecum.

caeruloplasmin see ceruloplasmin.

Caesalpinia toxic plant genus in the legume family Caesalpiniaceae; contains tannins; causes vomiting, diarrhea. Includes C. gilliesii. Called also bird of paradise tree.

caesarean [s-za’re-n] cesarean.

CAEV caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus.

Café au lait in dogs, a rich, light brown colored coat. Used in the breed description of Poodles.

cafe bravo [Span.] Palicourea marcgravii.

cafezinho Palicourea marcgravii.

caffeine [kă-fēn’] a central nervous system stimulant from coffee, tea, guarana and maté; it also acts as a mild diuretic. The production of more effective drugs has led to caffeine being discarded as an analeptic. It has even been bypassed by the persons who dope horses, especially because it is readily detectable in urine for up to 10 days after its administration.

caffeinism [kaf’ēn-iz-m] an agitated state induced by excessive ingestion of caffeine.

CAFO see AFO/CAFO.

cafta see Catha edulis.

cage [kāj] an animal or bird enclosure with the walls made of rods or mesh to provide maximum restraint with greatest ventilation, reduction in weight, visibility and access to the inhabitant.

bagby c. stainless steel cylinder with perforated walls used for interbody cervical fusion in the treatment of the ’wobbler syndrome’ in horses.

battery c. a wire cage in which a number of laying hens are housed for egg laying. A husbandry method of concern for animal welfare.

c. birds companion birds that are customarily kept in cages to restrain and protect them.

c. biter syndrome damage caused to the teeth of caged exotic animals, particularly large cats, from aggressive biting on the cage wire or bars.

c. furniture accessories placed in a cage for birds, reptiles or other small pets. Some are decorative, but most should contribute to husbandry and to environmental enrichment. Includes perches, wheels and toys, baths, dishes, mirrors, shelters and hiding places.

c. layer fatigue birds housed in cages may reach a stage where they are unable to stand up straight. They also develop very fragile bones. This problem is a common target for animal welfare complaints. It is a cause of wastage because of the rate of culling and because of splintering of bones and a resulting downgrading of carcasses at slaughter. Called also cage layer osteoporosis.

c. layer osteoporosis removal of medullary and cortical bone from laying hens being fed a diet deficient in calcium. See also cage layer fatigue (above).

c. paralysis see thiamine nutritional deficiency.

c. rearing pigs that are weaned very early, e.g. at 3 weeks, are reared artificially in cages.

squeeze c. cage with one wall capable of being moved inwards, usually by mechanical means, so that the inhabitant can be restrained sufficiently to prevent its movement and to allow access to suitable sites for the administration of injections. An essential piece of equipment for veterinarians working at zoos, circuses and game farms.

cage-side tests various clinicopathologic testing procedures which may be carried out at the location of the animal’s cage; includes rapid semiquantitative tests of hemostatic disorders such as buccal mucosa bleeding time and activated coagulation time. The equivalent of bed-side tests for human patients. Now more commonly called point-of-care tests.

caiman crocodilian reptile of the family Alligatoridae, very similar to alligators; native to Central and South America. Occasionally kept as pets, most comonly the spectacled caiman (Caiman sclerops).

c. poxvirus causes typical pox lesions on the skin and in the mouth of young caimans and Nile crocodiles.

Cairina moschata see Muscovy.

Cairn terrier a small (13–14 lb) active terrier with medium-length shaggy, weather-resistant, double coat, short tail, erect ears and dark eyes giving a foxy appearance. They can be any color except white. The breed is subject to inherited globoid cell leukodystrophy, craniomandibular osteopathy, hemophilia and factor IX deficiency.

C-1 : Cairn terrier.

caixeta Simarouba amara.

Cakala technique see paravertebral block.

cake the residuum after extraction of oil from oil seeds, used extensively as a protein supplement to diets of all housed animal species.

c. poisoning varies with the seed, linseed cake may cause cyanide poisoning, cottonseed cake may cause gossypol poisoning.

Cal kilocalorie.

cal calorie.

-cal suffix meaning pertaining to.

calabrese Brassica oleracea var. italica (Italian broccoli).

Caladium cultivated, ornamental plant genus in the family Araceae; contains calcium oxalate raphide crystals, causing stomatitis and salivation. Includes C. bicolor.

calamine [kal’-mīn] a preparation of zinc carbonate with with a small amount of ferric oxide; the lotion is used topically as protectant and astringent.

calamus [kal’-ms] in the shape of a reed or pen.

c. scriptorius pen-nib shaped portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain where the median sulcus and paired limiting sulci give the region a fountain-pen shaped appearance; a term mainly restricted to the human brain.

Calandrinia genus of the plant family Portulacaceae.

C. balonensis, C. polyandra used commonly as feed for cattle and sheep grazed extensively in arid and semi-arid areas of Australia, these plants have a high oxalate content and are suspected of causing deaths in wethers due to obstructive urolithiasis. Called also parakeelia, parakeelya.

calbindin a calcium-binding protein involved in facilitating the absorption of calcium from the intestine and its reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate in the renal tubules and the deposition of calcium in mineralized tissues; two identified forms of the protein are calbindin-D9k and calbindin-D28k.

calcaneal [kal-ka’ne-l] arising from or pertaining to the calcaneus.

c. epiphysis avulsion occurs in young animals in association with avulsion of the gastrocnemius tendon of insertion.

c. tendon see Achilles tendon.

calcaneoapophysitis [kal-ka″ne-o--pof″-zi’tis] inflammation of the posterior part of the calcaneus, marked by pain and swelling.

calcaneoastragaloid [kal-ka″ne-o--strag’-loid] pertaining to the calcaneus and talus (astragalus).

calcaneodynia [kal-ka″ne-o-din’e-] pain in the heel.

calcaneoquartal joint the articulation of the calcaneus with the fourth tarsal bone.

calcaneum [kal-ka’ne-m] see calcaneus.

calcaneus, calcaneum [kal-ka’ne-s] the irregular quadrangular bone at the back of the tarsus. One of the two tarsal bones in the proximal row of bones of the hock joint and, because of its calcaneal tuber and the muscles attached to it, acts as a lever to extend the hock joint. Called also heel bone, os calcis, and fibular tarsal bone. See also Table 10.

calcar [kal’kr] a spur or spur-shaped structure.

c. avis the lower of two medial elevations in the lateral cerebral ventricle, produced by the lateral extension of the calcarine sulcus; called also hippocampus minor.

c. metacarpale, c. metatarsale see ergot².

calcareous [kal-kār’e-s] pertaining to or containing lime; chalky.

calcarine [kal’k-rīn] 1. spur-shaped. 2. pertaining to the calcar avis.

c. sulcus a groove on the medial surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum, separating the cuneus from the lingual gyrus.

calcariuria [kal-ka″re-u’re-] the presence of lime (calcium) salts in the urine.

calcemia [kal-se’me-] excessive calcium in the blood; hypercalcemia.

calcibilia [kal″s-bil’e-] the presence of calcium in the bile.

calcic [kal’sik] of or pertaining to lime or calcium.

calcifediol [kal″sif--di’ol] nonproprietary name for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, used as a calcium regulator in the treatment and management of metabolic bone disease or hypocalcemia associated with chronic renal failure.

calciferol [kal-sif’r-ol] vitamin D; may refer to vitamin D₂; ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol.

c.-25-hydroxylase a hepatic microsomal enzyme which controls the conversion of cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.

calcific [kal-sif’ik] forming lime.

calcification [kal″s-f-ka’shn] the deposit of calcium salts in a tissue. The normal absorption of calcium is facilitated by parathyroid hormone and by vitamin D. In poisoning with calcinogenic glycosides and when there are increased amounts of parathyroid hormone in the blood (as in hyperparathyroidism), there is deposition of calcium in the soft tissue. (In hyperparathyroidism secondary to renal disease there is deposition in the alveoli of the lungs, the renal tubules, beneath the parietal pleura, the gastric mucosa, and the arterial walls.) Normally calcium is deposited in the bone matrix to insure stability and strength of the bone. In osteomalacia there is an excess of unmineralized osteoid because the aged well-mineralized bone is replaced by a matrix that is inadequately mineralized.

dystrophic c. the deposition of calcium in abnormal tissue without abnormalities of blood calcium.

metastatic c. deposition of calcium in tissues as a result of abnormalities of calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the blood and tissue fluids. Seen in gastric mucosa, parietal pleura and other tissues in chronic renal failure. See also uremia.

nutritional c. calcification in soft tissues as a result of an increased intake of calcium.

soft tissue c. see metastatic calcification (above), dystrophic calcification (above).

calcify to mineralize by the deposition of calcium salts.

calcifying mineralized.

c. aponeurotic fibroma locally aggressive nodular masses that involve membranous bones, particularly those of the canine skull (zygomatic arch), and rarely metastasize. See also multilobular chondroma and osteoma.

c. epithelial odontogenic tumor rare lesion in dogs and cats; epithelial, gingival masses susceptible to surgical excision.

c. epithelioma see pilomatrixoma.

c. epithelioma of Malherbe see pilomatrixoma.

calcined magnesite the mineral magnesite which has been reduced to a powder by heating, i.e. calcined. It is used as a dietary supplement for cattle and sheep to prevent hypomagnesemia. Used for topdressing pasture with a similar objective. Contains about 90% magnesium oxide.

calcinogenic [kal″s-no-jen’ik] conducive to calcinosis.

c. glycoside toxic glycosides with their aglycone an analog of vitamin D₃. Found in plants including Solanum glaucophyllum (S. malacoxylon), S. linneanum (S. hermannii, S. sodomaeum), S. erianthum, S. torvum, Cestrum diurnum, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Trisetum flavescens, Nierembergia veitchii.

calcinosis [kal″s-no’sis] a condition characterized by abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues.

c. circumscripta localized deposition of calcium in small nodules in subcutaneous tissues, tongue or attached to tendons or joint capsules in dogs. In horses, circumscribed, hard swellings with granular radiopacity, usually immovable and located on the lateral aspect of the proximal tibia. Called also tumoral calcinosis.

c. cutis cutaneous mineralization, a characteristic lesion in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Lesions are commonest on the dorsal midline, ventral abdomen and inguinal region. The skin is usually thin and atrophic.

C-2 : Radiograph of calcinosis circumscripta on the carpus of a dog.

C-3 : Calcinosis cutis in a dog with Cushing’s syndrome.

enzootic c. calcinosis occurring in larger numbers of animals in a local population than chance warrants. Usually a plant poisoning caused by the following calcinogenic plants: Solanum glaucophyllum (S. malacoxylon), S. linneanum (S. hermannii, S. sodomaeum), S. erianthum, S. torvum, Cestrum diurnum, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Trisetum flavescens, Nierembergia veitchii. Manifested clinically by chronic wasting, reluctance to walk and constant shifting of weight from limb to limb. Called also enteque seco, Manchester wasting disease, espichamento, Naalehu disease, weidekrankheit.

multicentric periarticular c. described in Hungarian vizsla dogs in association with a renal tubular defect in phosphorus transport, causing progressive lameness.

pulmonary c. see microlithiasis.

tumoral c. see calcinosis circumscripta (above).

c. universalis widespread deposition of calcium in nodules or plaques in the dermis, panniculus and muscles.

calcipenia [kal″s-pe’ne-] deficiency of calcium in the system.

calcipexis, calcipexy [kal″s-pek’sis, kal’s-pek″se] fixation of calcium in the tissues.

calciphilia [kal″s-fil’e-] a tendency to calcification.

calciphylaxis [kal″s-f-lak’sis] the formation of calcified tissue in response to administration of a challenging agent after induction of a hypersensitive state.

calciprivia [kal″s-priv’e-] deprivation or loss of calcium.

calcitonin [kal″s-to’nin] a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland, which is involved in plasma calcium homeostasis. It acts to decrease the concentration of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast activity, intestinal absorption and phosphate resorption in the kidney. Salmon calcitonin is used in the treatment of hypercalcemia. Called also thyrocalcitonin.

c. gene-related peptides potent vasodilators widely distributed in periadventitial nerves of blood vessels, sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, sensory neurons and the central nervous system generally.

calcitriol [kal″s-tri’ol] a nonproprietary name for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; used as a calcium regulator in the management of hypocalcemia.

calcium (Ca) [kal’se-m] a chemical element, atomic number 20, atomic weight 40.08. See Table 4. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. In combination with phosphorus it forms calcium phosphate, the dense, hard material of the bones and teeth. It is an important cation in intra- and extracellular fluid and is essential to the normal clotting of blood, the maintenance of a normal heartbeat, and the initiation of neuromuscular and metabolic activities. Within the body fluids calciumexists in three forms. Protein-bound calcium accounts for about 47% of the calcium in plasma; most of it in this form is bound to albumin. Another 47% of plasma calcium is ionized. About 6% is complexed with phosphate, citrate and other anions. Ionized calcium is physiologically active. One of its most important physiological functions is control of the permeability of cell membranes. Parathyroid hormone, which causes transfer of exchangeable calciumfrombone into the bloodstream, and calcitriol maintain calcium homeostasis by preventing either calcium deficit or excess.

avian c. poisoning excess calcium in the avian diet, especially in diets low in phosphorus causes nephrosis, visceral gout and urolithiasis.

c. balance the balance between calcium intake and losses in feces and urine.

c. carbonate an insoluble salt occurring naturally in bone, shells and chalk. A common form of supplementary calcium in dogs and cats on meat-based diets, used because of its high concentration of calcium (40%) and absence of phosphorus.

c. challenge test an intravenous infusion of calcium will cause increased concentrations of gastrin in dogs with a gastrinoma. Often used in combination with a secretin stimulation test.

c. channels see channel.

c. chloride a salt used in solution to restore electrolyte balance, to treat hypocalcemia and as an antidote to magnesium poisoning. Is highly irritating and has been discarded generally in favor of less irritating substances, e.g. calcium borogluconate.

diffusible c. see calcium (above).

endogenous c. calcium contributed to the feces by the intestinal secretions.

excess c. in all species may cause hypercalcitonism with decreased osteoclastic activity and skeletal remodeling. In dogs, disorders of enchondral ossification with curved radius and osteochondrosis have been demonstrated; secondary iron deficiency anemia occurs in piglets.

c. fluoride naturally occurring mineral. Called also fluorspar, fluorite.

c. gel contains a high concentration of calcium; given to cows as a drench or in the feed as a prophylaxis against bovine parturient hypocalcemia.

c. gluconate a calcium replenisher and antidote to fluoride or oxalate poisoning.

c. homeostasis maintenance of normal calcium metabolism by the combined effects of adequate alimentary intake, renal excretion, parathyroid hormone involvement, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (or calcitriol) and calcitonin, plasma protein binding and deposition in tissues.

c. hydroxide an astringent compound used topically in solution or lotions; in dentistry used to encourage deposition of secondary dentin. Called also slaked lime. In solution, called lime water.

idiopathic c. phosphate deposition thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in Great Danes commencing in puppies about 5 weeks old, characterized by incoordination with deformity and displacement of the 7th cervical vertebra and mineral deposits in the intervertebral joints, in serous and synovial membranes and mineralization in most other tissues.

ionized c. (iCa) serum calcium that is not bound to protein or complexed; free calcium.

c. lactate used for supplementing the diet with calcium; contains 18% calcium. As calcium sodium lactate, containing 8% calcium, it is more soluble and can be used in drinking water.

C-4 : Calcium nutrional deficiency. Osteomalacia resulting from a diet of stored grain fed as the only food available for feeding during a drought which resulted in bare pastures.

c. levulinate a calcium compound used parenterally in the treatment of hypocalcemia; contains 14.8% calcium.

c. mandelate administered orally and used as a urinary antiseptic.

c. nitrate used as an additive during cheese making to control fermentation. Whey from this cheese may cause nitrate poisoning when fed to cattle and bacterial conversion of nitrate to nitrite poisoning in pigs (rare).

nondiffusible c. protein-bound fractions of plasma calcium.

c. nutritional deficiency nutritional deficiency of calcium is rarely primary except in carnivores on an all-meat diet. Secondary deficiency is usually the result of diets having too high a phosphorus content. The outcome of either deficiency may be nutritional hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, osteodystrophy in horse and pigs, and degenerative arthropathy of cattle, depending on the species, age of the animal and availability of vitamin D. Hypocalcemia may not occur because of the activity of parathyroid hormone, but classical tetany and recumbency can occur if the deficiency is prolonged or if they are precipitated by some other factor.

c. oxalate a compound occurring in the urine in crystals and in certain calculi. See also oxalate urolith.

c. oxide alkaline and capable of causing gastroenteritis. There is a high concentration in basic slag and this may contribute to that poisoning.

c. pantothenate a calcium salt of the dextrorotatory isomer of pantothenic acid; used as a growth-promoting vitamin.

c. phosphate one of three salts containing calcium and the phosphate radical: dibasic and tribasic calcium phosphate are used as sources of calcium; monobasic calcium phosphate is used in fertilizer and as a calcium and phosphorus supplement. An important constituent of uroliths.

c.:phosphorus ratio the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the diet, 1:1 to 1:2 is usually considered to be adequate for proper calcium nutritional status in most animal species. Diets outside this range are likely to cause osteodystrophies. Animals grazing phosphorus- deficient pasture, and those being intensively fed on grain rations which have an abnormally high phosphorus content, are the principal subjects. Horses on heavy grain diets and dogs and cats on meat diets without calcium supplementation are also targets for the disease.

c. polycarbophil a hydrophilic agent used as a bulk laxative in the treatment of constipation and diarrhea.

c. polysulfide see lime-sulfur.

c. propionate see propionic acid.

C-5 : Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in a dog.

From Raskin RE, Meyer D, Canine and Feline Cytology, 2nd Edition. Saunders, 2010.

protein bound c. biologically inert fraction of plasma calcium; most is bound to albumin and globulins with a small fraction complexed to organic and inorganic acids.

c. silicophosphate crystals of this mineral are thought to contribute physically to the gastroenteritis caused by basic slag poisoning.

c. sulfate the main component of plaster of Paris; also used as a dietary source of calcium and inorganic sulfate sulfur.

c. sulfide, c. polysulfide see lime-sulfur.

c. supplements include calcium carbonate, gluconate, lactate and phosphate; bone flour, bone meal, ground limestone and chalk.

total c. (tCa) the sum of serum ionized calcium, complexed calcium and protein-bound calcium.

c. tungstate screens cards coated with calcium tungstate crystals are used to sandwich film in a light-tight cassette. They fluoresce when exposed to X-rays and, together with the beam, affect the film emulsion. They reduce the exposure factor required.

urinary c. calciuria.

calcium-binding protein see calbindin.

calcium channel blocker a drug, such as nifedipine or verapamil, that selectively blocks the influx of calcium ions through a specific ion channel (the slow channel or calcium channel) of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle cells; used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Calcium channel blockers act to control arrhythmias by slowing the rate of sinoatrial (SA) node discharge and the conduction velocity through the atrioventricular (AV) node. Called also calcium blocker, calcium antagonist.

calciuria [kal″se-u’re-] calcium in the urine.

calcofluor white stain used to produce fluorescence of fungal elements for ultraviolet microscopy.

calcospherite one of the minute globular bodies formed during calcification by chemical union of calcium particles and albuminous matter of cells.

calculogenesis [kal″ku-lo-jen’-sis] the formation of calculi.

calculolytic [kal″ku-lo-lit’ik] lysis of calculi, usually in the urinary tract.

c. diet see calculolytic diet.

calculosis [kal″ku-lo’sis] a condition characterized by the presence of calculi. Called also lithiasis.

calculus [kal’ku-ls] pl. calculi [L.] an abnormal concretion, usually composed of mineral salts, occurring within the animal body, chiefly in the hollow organs or their passages. Called also stones, as in kidney stones (urolithiasis) and gallstones. See also hippomanes.

biliary c. a gallstone.

bronchial c. see bronchial calculus.

dental c. mineralized dental plaque; found commonly in dogs and cats, sometimes in horses, rarely in ruminants. Plaque deposited on the surface is important in development of periodontal lesions.

c. index an assessment used in dental charting to record the extent of calculus on the buccal and subgingival surfaces of the tooth.

lung c. a concretion formed in the bronchi. See also bronchial calculus.

pancreatic c. very small (4–5 mm) calculi in pancreatic ducts, rare and of no pathogenic importance.

prostatic c. concretions of calcium phosphates and carbonates in the prostatic ducts are rare and of no clinical significance.

renal c. see urolithiasis.

salivary c. white, hard, laminated concretions in the salivary duct; a sialolith. Occurs most commonly in horses.

urethral c. a calculus lodged in the urethra causes obstruction of the urethra with a potential for causing rupture of the bladder or perforation of the urethra and leaking of urine into subcutaneous or retroperitoneal sites. See also urolith, urolithiasis.

urinary c. a calculus in any part of the urinary tract. See urolithiasis.

vesical c. a urolith in the urinary bladder.

CALD chronic active liver disease.

calefacient [kal″-fa’shnt] causing a sensation of warmth; an agent that so acts.

calendar charts wall charts or wheels which are valuable management tools because they depict the reproductive and lactation status of each cow or sow in the herd at any given time.

Calendula [k-len’du-l] plant genus in the family Asteraceae; cause cyanide poisoning; include C. cuneata, C. viscosa (both = Dimorphotheca cuneata).

calf [kaf] 1. bovine young less than one year old. 2. young of other species including elephant, larger deer, e.g. red, Japanese sika, wapiti, elk, moose, reindeer, and also pinnipeds and cetaceans. 3. in dogs refers to the region of the hindlimb between the stifle and the hock.

bleeding c. syndrome see bovine neonatal pancytopenia.

bull c. male intact (entire) bovine under one year of age.

c. crop the group of calves born to a herd of cows during one breeding season.

c. crop percentage the percentage of calves born to the cows bred or exposed to breeding bulls.

c. diarrhea see calf scours.

c. diphtheria see calf diphtheria, Fusobacterium necrophorum.

fetal c. includes unborn and stillborn calves. Can be identified by the presence of atelectasis of the entire lungs, patency of the umbilical vessels which also contain unclotted blood, sodden quality of the skin, high water and nil fat content of the tissues, absence of milk from the gut. Called also slink. See also slink calves.

c. lymphosarcoma see bovine viral leukosis.

c. pneumonia a group of diseases of calves caused primarily by viruses, often complicated by secondary bacterial invasion. The viruses include parainfluenza-3 (PI-3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an adenovirus, a reovirus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine rhinovirus. Chlamydophila and Mycoplasma spp. are also causative agents. The clinical syndrome is the same with any of the viruses: fever, increased respiratory rate, hacking cough, overloud breath sounds on auscultation of the lungs. The calves show remarkably little toxemia. If secondary bacterial pneumonia follows the additional signs are toxemia, gurgling or squeaky breath sounds, and a fatal outcome. See also enzootic pneumonia.

c. puller see fetal extractor.

c. scours diarrhea of calves, of most importance in the newborn because of their susceptibility to dehydration and toxemia. See colibacillosis, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis, Coronaviridae, Rotavirus, salmonellosis, dietary diarrhea.

c. starter artificial feeding of calves includes liquid milk replacer and dry calf starter, the latter being provided from about one week of age. At 3–6 weeks the calf is able to exist solely on starter and the milk replacer or milk can be discontinued. Calf starters vary a great deal in composition, quality and price. They need to have a high digestibility coefficient, a high energy content and at least 18% crude protein.

with c. a pregnant cow.

calf-bed uterus of a cow.

calf-kneed a defect of conformation in horses; the cannon is set back behind the line of the radius.

calfeteria farmyard equipment containing a tank, or tanks, for milk which supplies multiple teats on the exterior to provide sucking points for multiple calves.

calfkill Kalmia angustifolia.

caliber [kal’-br] the diameter of the lumen of a canal or tube.

calibration [kal″-bra’shn] determination of the accuracy of an instrument, usually by measurement of its variation from a standard, to ascertain necessary correction factors.

calicectasis [kal″-sek’t-sis] dilatation of a calix of the kidney.

calicectomy [kal″-sek’t-me] excision of a calix of the kidney.

calices [ka’l-sēz] plural of calix.

Caliciviridae [k-lis″-vir’-de] a family of viruses that are about 35 nm in diameter, with a capsid, composed of a single major capsid protein of about 60 kilodaltons that carries 32 shallow, cup-like circular indentations and a single-stranded, plus sense RNA genome of about 8 kilobases. The family comprises five genera: Vesivirus, that includes feline calicivirus, vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion virus; Lagovirus, that includes rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and European Brown hare syndrome virus; Norovirus, that includes viruses that cause gastroenteritis, principally of humans; Sapovirus, which comprise viruses that also cause diarrheic infections in humans; and Nebovirus, which includes viruses that cause diarrheic infections in calves. Noroviruses and sapoviruses may infect some other animal species.

C-6 : Calf pen with three bucket holes, one for feeding calf starter, one for providing water all the time and one for the bucket used to feed milk replacer.

Calicivirus [k-lis’-vi″rs] a genus in the family Caliciviridae.

calicivirus [k-lis’-vi″rs] a virus in the genus Calicivirus.

canine c. has been isolated from the feces of dogs with diarrhea; the significance is unknown.

feline c. infection a common cause of upper respiratory disease and ulcerative glossitis in cats. Affected cats show varying degrees of ocular and nasal discharge, coughing and sneezing. Pneumonia sometimes occurs, mainly in young or debilitated cats. Ulceration of the tongue and palate is a regular feature of the disease, but lips, nares and skin are also sometimes involved. Lameness, diarrhea and seizures have also rarely been associated with calicivirus infection. Many recovered cats remain carriers of the virus, shedding infectious virus from the pharynx. Most of these cats are asymptomatic, but some may have chronic oral lesions. Feline calicivirus has also been associated with feline lower urinary tract disease, but its role in that disorder remains unclear. See also feline viral respiratory disease complex. A virulent systemic strain has been identified, which is capable of causing severe systemic disease with high fever, pulmonary edema, abdominal effusion, hepatic necrosis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), facial and limb edema, ulceration of the skin, and death.

porcine c. the cause of vesicular exanthema of swine.

rabbit c. the cause of rabbit hemorrhagic disease.

calico bush Kalmia latifolia.

calico cat see tortoiseshell.

Calicophoron [kal″-kof’-ron] stomach flukes of ruminants. Species include C. calicophorum, C. cauliorchis, C. ijimai and C. raja. See also paramphistomosis, paramphistomiasis.

caliculus [k-lik’u-ls] a small cup or cup-shaped structure.

c. gustatorius see taste.

California black-legged tick see Ixodes pacificus.

California disease coccidioidomycosis.

California encephalitis an encephalitis of humans caused by the La Crosse virus isolated from mosquitoes in California. Occurs experimentally in small laboratory rodents when the virus is injected intracerebrally. Suspected of natural passage through wild and domestic mammals.

California encephalomyelitis virus group mosquito-transmitted viruses of the family Bunyaviridae; can cause acute encephalitis in horses. Type viruses are Snowshoe hare and Jamestown Canyon; associated viruses are Main Drain and Cache Valley.

California eyeworm see Thelazia californiensis.

California mastitis test an indirect test for bovine mastitis based on the presence of a high leukocyte count in mastitic milk. The test can be used in the milking shed or in the laboratory and as a test for individual quarters, or cows, or as a herd test. There is a good correlation between the results obtained and the actual leukocyte count and with the productivity of the quarter. It has faded in importance with the introduction of milk cell counts carried out electronically on automated equipment. See also Brabant mastitis test.

C-7 : Tongue ulcers in a cat with feline calicivirus infection.

C-8 : Caliper used to measure an animal’s body parts so the settings on a radiograph machine can be determined.

From Sonsthagen TF, Veterinary Instruments and Equipment: A Pocket Guide, 2nd edition. Mosby, 2011.

California rose bay Rhododendron macrophyllum.

California spangled a recently developed breed of cats, derived from Siamese, Manx and domestic cats. Its main feature is a short, spotted coat; meant to resemble a small leopard.

Californian rabbit popular as a fancy rabbit and for commercial purposes; it is white with black, chocolate, blue or lilac colored points.

californium (Cf) [kal″-for’ne-m] a chemical element, atomic number 98, atomic weight 249. See Table 4.

calipers [kal’-prz] instrument with two bent or curved legs used to measure thickness or diameter of a solid, or the internal dimensions of a hollow object.

electronic c. used in ultrasonography to measure the distance between two points or the circumference of an object.

calix [ka’liks] pl. calices [L.] a cuplike organ or cavity, e.g. one of the recesses of the kidney pelvis which enclose the tips of the pyramids.

calkins turned down portion of the heel of a horseshoe, designed to reduce slipping on worn stones or icy surfaces. Called also calks, frost studs.

calks see calkins.

Call–Exner body [kahl’ eks’nr] secretory globule resembling an ovum found in abortive follicles in ovarian neoplasms with tumor cells radially arranged around eosinophilic material.

Callicarpa longifolia Australian plant in the family Verbenaceae; an unidentified toxin causes hepatitis and photosensitization.

calling a lay term referring to the vocalization of a female cat in estrus and the associated, characteristic behavior that includes rolling, treading with the front feet and elevation of the hindquarters. Often misinterpreted by an inexperienced owner as signs of pain or illness.

Calliphora [k-lif’o-r] a genus of flies which includes C. augur, C. australis, C. erythrocephala, C. fallax, C. hilli, C. novica, C. stygia and C. vomitoria. They may initiate blowfly strike in sheep but mainly assume importance in sheep that are already infested.

calliphorid [k-lif’-rid] pertaining to blowflies.

Calliphoridae [kal″-for’-de] the family containing most of the important blowflies, including Calliphora, Chrysomya, Lucilia, Callitroga and Phormia spp.

Calliphorinae the blowfly subfamily.

calliphorine myiasis see cutaneous myiasis.

Callitroga [kal″-tro’g] a genus of screw-worms which includes C. americana, C. hominivorax and C. macellaria (called also Cochliomyia hominivorax and C. macellaria). See also New World screw-worm, cutaneous myiasis.

callitrichid members of the primate family Callitrichidae; includes marmosets and tamarins.

callosity [k-los’-te] a callus.

callosum [k-lo’sm] corpus callosum.

callous [kal’s] of the nature of a callus; hard.

callus [kal’s] 1. localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or friction. In dogs, these often form over pressure points such as the elbow, hock and (in some breeds) sternum, particularly if the animal is sleeping on a hard surface. 2. an unorganized network of woven bone formed about the ends of a broken bone; it is absorbed as repair is completed (provisional callus), and ultimately replaced by true bone (definitive callus).

bridging c. bridging the callus gap.

external c. around the outside of a fracture, consisting of periosteal new bone.

hard c. fully mineralized.

hypertrophic c. a form of delayed healing in which fibrocartilage forms between fracture fragments, resulting in a false callus. Called also elephant’s foot callus.

internal c. between the ends of fractured bones; endosteal new bone.

periosteal c. new bone formed by the proliferation of periosteal osteogenic cells.

provisional c. a subsequently remodeled callus.

c. pyoderma secondary bacterial infection, particularly of pressure point calluses in dogs; can be extensive with deep pyogenic inflammation.

soft c. the originating fibobrocellular tissue before calcification.

sternal c. may develop over a prominent sternum in some breeds of dogs, particularly Dachshunds, in response to pressure.

temporary c. see provisional callus (above).

calmative [kahm’-tiv, kahl’m-tiv] 1. sedative; allaying excitement. 2. an agent having such effects.

Calmette–Gué rin bacillus [kahl-met’ ga-ră’] see BCG.

calmodulin [kal-mod’u-lin] a calcium-binding protein concerned in the response of muscle fibers and other cells to calcium.

calomel see mercurous chloride.

calor [kal’or] [L.] heat; one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.

caloric [k-lor’ik] pertaining to heat or to calories.

c. density measure of the energy contained in food, usually quantified as calories or joules, per unit mass of food.

c. exhaustion see hypoglycemia.

c. homeostasis process of regulation of energy intake from food to sustain energy balance.

c. intake measure of amount of food energy as calories eaten by an animal.

c. requirements see energy requirements.

c. test irrigation of the external ear canal with hot or very cold water will stimulate the flow of endolymph and will cause nystagmus if the vestibular system and brainstem are intact.

calorie (cal) [kal’-re] any of several units of heat defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius (1°C) at a specified temperature. The calorie used in chemistry and biochemistry is equal to 4.184 joules. In referring to the energy content of foods it is customary to use the ‘large calorie’, which is equal to 1 kilocalorie (kcal), 1000 cal. Every bodily process—the building up of cells, motion of the muscles, the maintenance of body temperature—requires energy, and the body derives this energy from the food it consumes. Digestive processes reduce food to usable fuel, which the body burns in the complex chemical reactions that sustain life.

calorific [kal″-rif’ik] generating heat measurable in calories.

calorigenic effect [k-lor″-jen’ik] see specific dynamic action.

calorimeter [kal″-rim’-tr] an instrument for measuring the amount of heat produced in any system or organism. The material is burned in the calorimeter and the heat energy produced is measured.

calorimetry [kal″-rim’-tre] measurement of the heat eliminated or stored in any system.

direct c. measurement of heat actually produced by the organism which is confined in a sealed chamber or calorimeter.

indirect c. estimation of the heat produced by means of the respiratory differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air.

Calotis scapigera Australian plant in the family Asteraceae; contains cyanogenetic glycosides and is capable of causing cyanide poisoning; called also tufted burr daisy.

calotrope Calotropis procera.

Calotropis procera a plant in the family Asclepiadaceae; contains cardiac glycosides. Keratoconjunctivitis has resulted from exposure to its irritant sap. Called also caltrops, king’s crown, rubber tree.

calsequestrin [kal″s-kwes’trin] a calcium ion binding protein effecting a sequestration of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Caltha palustris a toxic plant in the family Ranunculaceae; contains a vesicant substance protoanemonin. Ingestion of the plant causes stomatitis, salivation, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Called also marsh marigold, cowslip, kingcup.

caltrops 1. defensive military weapons each consisting of 4 short iron spikes joined together in a star-like formation so that one always points upwards when thrown onto the ground; employed in numbers against cavalry to lame horses. 2. plants in the family Zygophyllaceae; see Tribulus, Kallstroemia. Includes hairy caltrops (K. hirsutissima), warty caltrops (K. parviflora).

calvaria, calvarium [kal-var’e-, kal-var’e-m] the domelike dorsal portion of the cranium, comprising the dorsal portions of the frontal, parietal and occipital bones.

calve act of parturition by a cow or other mammal producing a calf as offspring.

Calvé–Perthes disease [kahl-va’ per’tz] see Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease.

Calvin cycle [kal’vin] see dark reaction.

calving act of parturition in a bovine female, and presumably in any animal that bears a calf as its newborn.

block c. a breeding management system in which all of the cows in a herd, or an area, are encouraged to calve at approximately the same time. Has the effect of concentrating all of the calving and puerperal problems at one time and having all of the cows begin and terminate their lactations together. Has the disadvantage that the herd’s period of maximum productivity is also concentrated, making it subject to much greater risk of loss. Is the opposite of year-round calving. Called also seasonal calving.

c.–to-conception interval interval between calving and the next conception date. Called also ‘days open’ or ‘number of days open’.

difficult c. see dystocia.

ease of c. thought to be an inherited trait due to pelvic canal dimensions in the dam, and fetal size in the sire. See also dystocia.

c. facilities yards, crush, chute, hot and cold water, shelter, all the resources necessary for capturing and restraining a cow while helping her to deliver a calf.

c.-to-first-estrus interval interval between calving and the first observed estrus. Data used as a measure of reproductive performance, especially dairy herds where block mating needs to be completed in as brief an interval as possible.

c.-to-first-service interval alternative to calving-to-first-estrus interval but does not take into account any deferral of mating for managerial reasons.

c. grounds cows that are run on very extensive grazing may need to be under close surveillance by calving time. A small area of land can be enclosed or the herd herded into it.

c. index any method of expressing reproductive efficiency on the basis of the number of calves produced. May refer to the average calving interval or to the percentage of calves produced by the mated group of cows.

c. induction see parturition induction.

c. injury damage to the uterus, vagina and vulva or surrounding tissues, especially obturator and sciatic nerves, caused by the parturition process.

c. interval the average time interval between successive calvings.

median c. date the number of days between the first calving in the herd and the 50th percentile calving; an excellent measure of fertility status of seasonally calving herds; in dairy herds the target is 18 days.

c. pad a small area specifically prepared with sand or limestone base and bedding of material such as rice hulls or sawdust, where all cows are located for calving. Allows intense supervision of periparturient and calving cows.

c. paralysis see maternal obstetric paralysis.

c. pattern of a herd is a chronological list of calving dates. In seasonally calving herds a compact list indicates high fertility, a stretched out list indicates an indifferent fertility level.

c. percentage see calf crop percentage.

c. record a record of the reproductive efficiency of each dam in the form of dates, events and procedures related to reproductive function.

c. season season of the year at which the herd, or other population of cows, calves, e.g. spring calving.

seasonal c. when the cows in a herd calve at about the same time. Thus spring calving, autumn calving. Usually used as a management tool to take maximum advantage of seasonal feed supplies or climate.

year-round c. herd management system in which cows are mated so that some cows in the herd will calve at all times of the year thus maintaining a regular milk supply for a fresh milk supply.

calx [kalks] 1. lime or chalk. 2. heel.

Calycanthus a genus of plants in the family Calycanthaceae; contain indole (pyrrolidinoindoline) alkaloids including calycanthine that produce tetanic seizures in livestock. Includes C. fertilis (strawberry bush), C. floridus (Carolina allspice), C. occidentalis (California allspice). Called also strawberry shrub, sweet shrub, spicebush.

C. australiensis see Idiospermum australiense.

calyculus caliculus.

calystegines polyhydroxy nortropane alkaloids with potent glycosidase inhibitory properties isolated from plants in families Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae and Brassicaceae; suspect of neurotoxicity.

calyx [ka’liks] calix.

major c. one of the primary branches of the renal pelvis that bear two or more minor calices; found in pigs, cattle and humans.

minor c. any one of the cup-shaped dilations of the renal pelvis into which renal papillae protrude.

CAM 1. complementary and alternative medicine. 2. cell-adhesion molecule.

CAMAL see Cornell alternate-month accelerated lambing system.

Camallanus [kam″-la’ns] nematode genus which infests freshwater turtles and aquarium fish.

camarillo a part albino type of horse found only in California; has white hair, pink skin and black eyes.

cambendazole an efficient broad-spectrum anthelmintic. See also albendazole.

Cambridge ventilator a powerful machine used in anesthetizing large animals. A hydraulically compressed bellows drives a ‘bag-in-bottle’ arrangement.

camel humped members of the Camelidae family of ruminants.

Arabian c. called also Camelus dromedarius, or single-humped camel or dromedary. Found in the Arabian peninsula, North and Central Africa, East Asia and feral in Australia. There are different breeds for milk production, meat production, riding and draught work and there is selection for racing.

bactrian c. two-humped camel. Called also Camelus bactrianus. Found in China, Russia, Mongolia and Iran.

c. bush Trichodesma zeylanica.

dromedary c. one-humped camel. Called also Camelus dromedarius.

c. poison Gyrostemon spp., Erythrophleum chlorostachys, Trichodesma zeylanica.

single-humped c. see Arabian camel (above).

c. thorn Acacia erioloba.

camelid members of the family Camelidae; includes camels and the South American camelids—alpaca, guanaco, llama, vicuñ a.

Camelidae one of the six families of ruminants in the order Artiodactyla.

Camellia [k-mel’e-] plant genus in the family Theaceae; includes C. japonica, C. susanqua, C. sinensis (Thea sinensis, tea plant); plants known to reflect the fluorine content of the soil on which they grow. They may contain as much as 2000 ppm of fluorine.

Camelostrongylus a genus of the family Trichostrongylidae of gastrointestinal nematodes. Includes Camelostrongylus mentulatus (sheep, camels and wild ruminants).

camelpox [kam’l-poks] a disease of particularly young camels caused by camelpox virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus. The lesions are typical of pox lesions and occur on the hairless parts of the body. The disease is transmissible to humans. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 22).

Camelus genus of two-toed ungulates in the family Camelidae. Includes C. bactrianus (bactrian camel), C. dromedarius (dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel).

cameo in some countries a recognized color variety of longhaired cats with copper-colored eyes and a coat color that is basically a silver, cream or white undercoat with red tips that vary in intensity on different parts of the body.

camera [kam’-r] pl. camerae; a cavity or chamber.

c. anterior bulbi anterior chamber of the eye.

c. posterior bulbi posterior chamber of the eye; small annular space between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens, and bounded peripherally by the ciliary processes.

c. vitrea bulbi vitreous chamber of the eye, between the crystalline lens and the retina, that contains the vitreous body.

Cammerer rotation fork an instrument used to rotate a fetus which is malpresented. Each arm of the fork carries a canvas cuff for fixation of the limbs to the crutch. The external end of the device is a long crossbar to facilitate the rotation.

camomile chamomile.

cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

cAMP–CAP complex catabolite activator protein binds to cAMP as a first step in the switch from glucose metabolism to lactose metabolism in Escherichia coli.

cAMP-dependent protein kinase a tetrameric protein composed of two regulatory subunits that bind cAMP, and two catalytic subunits that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a target enzyme.

CAMP phenomenon a cultural phenomenon produced by most streptococci in Lancefield Group B. Named after the originators Christie, Atkins and Muench-Petersen. These streptococci hemolyze red cells in sheep blood agar plates but only in the presence of beta toxin of staphylococci. The phenomenon is used to presumptively identify Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from mastitic cow’s milk. Similar synergism in hemolytic activity is observed between Rhodococcus equi and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, beta toxin of staphylococci or Listeria monocytogenes, and can be used for presumptive identification of these species.

Campanulotes a genus of bird lice. Includes Campanulotes bidentatus compar (small pigeon louse).

camphechlor [kam’f-klor] see toxaphene.

camphor [kam’for] a ketone derived from the cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum camphora, or produced synthetically; used externally as an antiphlogistic and antiseptic; applied in liniments as a counterirritant; administered as a steam inhalant as an expectorant. Toxicity can follow absorption through the skin, but most products legally available contain very low concentrations of camphor.

Campolino horse bay, sorrel or chestnut light Brazilian horse, bred from native horse with imported breeds.

Camponotus ant genus, second intermediate host to the flukes Dicrocoelium spp.

camptodactyly [kamp″to-dak’t-le] permanent flexion of one or more digits.

camptomelia [kamp″to-me’le-] bending of the limbs, producing permanent bowing or curving of the affected part.

Camptotheca acuminata Asian plant in the family Nyssaceae; contains an alkaloid campothecin; causes diarrhea, dysentery.

Campylobacter [kam″p-lo-bak’tr] a genus of bacteria, family Spirillaceae, made up of gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile, comma-shaped rods, which are microaerophilic to anaerobic. Members of the genus were previously classified as Vibrio spp. and many of the diseases caused by these species are still referred to as vibriosis.

C. coli a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of poulty, pigs and humans; can cause enteritis in pigs and humans.

C. fetus subsp. fetus a cause of abortion in sheep and cattle.

C. fetus subsp. venerealis causes bovine genital campylobacteriosis (also known as vibriosis and epizootic bovine infertility).

C. hyointestinalis, C. mucosalis associated with, but not the cause of, the porcine proliferative enteropathy complex, proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, necrotic enteritis. They are inhabitants of the intestine of normal pigs.

C-9 : Augmentation of staphylococcal β-hemolysis by Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP protein (CAMP reaction).

From Songer JG, Veterinary Microbiology: Bacterial and Fungal Agents of Animal Disease. Saunders 2005.