Represented
Proposed mechanismof action
Proposed cellular effects
Traditional and potential uses
Adverse effects
Dose
Common name
Chemicals
Adaptogens
Schisandra, gingseng
Antistress
Immune stimulant
Health tonic
None
Proportional to human dose
(Prime onea)
Goldenseal, molasses
Modulates bloodsugar
Modulates eicosanoid production
Cardiotonic
Numerousbrands
Rhodiola
Reduces oxygen
Modulates cortiosteroidproduction
Mood elevator
Ashwagandra
Free radicals
Allopurinol
Allopurinol
Reduces vascular oxidative stress
Xanthine oxidaseinhibitor, whichreduces formulationof free radicals
Antigout
Vomiting,diarrhea, rash, bone marrow, suppression, hepatoxicity
10–20 mg/ kg/day
Decreasesoxidative stress during ischemia–reperfusion
Antifibrosis
Heart disease
Avarol
Marinesesquiterpenoid
Anti-inflammatory
Reduces TNFalpha
Anti-arthritis
None noted
10–40 mg/kg
Hydroquinone
Antiarthritic
Inhibits bindingof NF-kB,blocks Cox II
Psoriasis
Antiseborrheic
Prostaglandins II
Alpha-lipoicacid
Dihydrolipoicacid (DL)
Antioxidant
Modulates apoptosis
Antioxidant
Adverse effectsmay be seen in cats at 30 mg
1–5 mgkg/day in dogs
Anti-inflammatory effects
Unpublished data suggest that supplementing >30 mg/ day in cats may not be safe
Metal chelator potentiates levels of vitamin C and vitamin E
Reduces oxidativestress
Modulates NF-kB activation
Diabeticneuropathy
Increases cellular glutathione levels and improves cellular redox state
Ischemia–reperfusion injury
Bioflavonoids
Bilberry
Antioxidantsscavenges
Upregulatesantioxidant
Antiaging
None
25–1,000 mg/day
Polyphenols
Pycnogenol
Free radicals
Enzymes catalaseand glutathione perioxidase
Pomotes cardiovascular health
Rutin
Chelates iron
Quercetin
Resveratrol
(grape seed extract)
Anthocyanidins
Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic,antiviral, and anticancer effects
Protects SOD levels
Immune stimulation retinopathy, lymph edema; antiallergies, cancer, improves wound healing
Proanthocyanidins
Reduce mitochondriallipid perioxidation
Reduce DNA damage
May reduce apoptosis
May inhibit stress-induced transcription Factor NF-kB
May inhibit leukotriene synthesis
May reduce adhesion molecules
Vitamin B3
Niacinamide
Precursor for NAD+ and improves NAD and NADHcontent of cells
Reduce reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage to cell,diseases
Antiaging
Unknown
100–500 mg/day
Essential B vitamin
Decreases calciuminflux into cell
Effects immune diseases
May decrease telomere shortening
May suppress leukocyte chemotaxis
Inhibits release of proteases
Carnitine
l-Carnitine
Reduces oxidativestress
Improve mitochondrial oxidation
Neurodegeneration
Unknown
20–150 mg/kg tid
Cytoprotective
Transports fatty acids from cytoplasm to mitochondria
Heart disease
May modulatecellular stress
Reduces damage to mitochondrial electron chain
Hepatic disease
Essential for mitochondrial energy production and vitamin C-dependant synthesis
Improves cellular redox state
Lipidosis
Essential factor in fatty acid metabolism
Weight loss
Carnosine
l-Carnosine
Antioxident, detoxifies free radicals and acts as metal ion scavenger
Scavenger of free radical aldehyde
Antiaging
None reported
Proportional to human dose
Supresses heme oxygenase activity
May reduce glycation of proteins
Chondroitin
Chondroitin sulfate
Improves synthesis of GAGs, antioxidant effects, antifibrotic effects
Restores SOD andcatalase glutathione perioxidase activityin cartilage cells
Osteoarthritis
Unknown
50–1,000 mg/day
Reduces proteoglycan degradation
May reduce lipid perioxidation
May alter glycemic control
May reduce DNA fragmentation
Coenzyme Q10
Ubiquinone
Has antioxidant; prooxidant effects
Modulates intracellular oxidation reduction reactions
Heart disease
Rare
1–2 mg/kg/day
Scavenges free radicals
Transfer of reducing equivalents in the mitochondrial electron transport chain
Hepatic disease
Essential for mitochondrial energy production and catalyst for ATP production
Protects against lipid perioxidation
Energy production
Improves extracellular superoxide dismutase activity
Neuroprotective
Improves mitochondrial function and reduces oxidative stress
Cardiomyopathy
Hypertension
Creatine
Creatine monohydrate
S phosphocreatine is the ready energy sourcefor muscle function
Modulates creatine mitochondrialtransport
May enhance athletic performance
Unknown
Label dose on veterinary products
May promote protein muscle synthesis
Improves ATPsynthesis
May ameliorate progress of neuromuscular diseases
Reduces cell death
May improve geriatricmusclewasting
Alters mitochondrial permeabilitytransition pores
Carotenoids
B-Carotene
Antioxidant, pro-oxidant
Reduce oxidativestress
Cancerprevention
None
Proportional to human dose
Lutein
Immune stimulant
May reduce DNAdamage
Lycopene
Scavenges freeradicals
May inhibit oxidant-induced cytokine production
Zeaxanathin
Reduces lipid peroxidation
Can form free radicals and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation
Retinal disorders
Crytpxanthin
Upregulate connexingenes
Astaxanthin
May improve GJIC
A-Carotene
Catechins
Green Tea extract
Anti-inflammatory
Protects SOD levels
Immunestimulation
None reported
50–1,000 mg/day
Proanthocyanidins
Antimicrobial
Reduce mitochondriallipid perioxidation
Hepatoprotective
Reduce DNA damage
Antiallergy
Antithrombotic
May reduce apoptosis
Antiviral
May inhibit stress-induced transcription factor NF-kB
Anticancer
Anticancer effects
May inhibit leukotriene synthesis
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