A wide variety of safe, effective parasiticides can eliminate infections and infestations or prevent development or exacerbation of parasitic disease. Despite the availability of these powerful treatments, parasite control continues to be an unmet need for many domestic animals due to lack of use or incomplete knowledge on efficacy. Choosing the parasiticide treatment most appropriate for a particular clinical situation requires careful assessment of risk factors as well as veterinary expertise regarding individual patient, herd, or flock characteristics and needs. Rarely is one treatment or a single protocol the best option for all patients, even when general concerns about the type of parasitic disease of greatest risk are similar. In this chapter we summarize information about anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides, and antiprotozoals currently available to veterinarians. Only products approved by FDA, EPA, or similar regulatory agencies and that have been confirmed to be safe and efficacious will be discussed here; availability of some approved products or formulations may be limited. Products covered in this chapter are largely restricted to those available in the United States and Canada. Veterinarians should be familiar with and consult current regulatory‐approved label information prior to prescribing or recommending any specific product. Effective control of helminths involves more than just selection of a safe, effective anthelmintic. Effective parasite management programs must incorporate likelihood of environmental contamination and thus risk of re‐infection, seasonality of transmission, age and immune status of animals, and zoonotic risk of allowing infections to persist. Selection of the best anthelmintic for a given clinical situation is often based on factors other than efficacy, including safety, application route, persistence, and knowledge about resistance. Traditionally, anthelmintics were administered in liquid oral formulations either directly or via nasogastric tube. However, many anthelmintics are now given with the feed, injected, or as a transdermal product that is administered topically and absorbed systemically (Table 7.1). Table 7.1. Common administration routes for anthelmintics a Products listed not approved for use in all food animals; always consult label prior to administering. Anthelmintics also differ in the degree to which they persist in the animal after administration, with some products being cleared within 24 hours and others lasting and remaining efficacious as long as 6 months. Persistency is often desired to reduce the number of times animals must be treated but can affect withdrawal times (Table 7.2) and influence selection for resistance. With use of any antiparasitic drug treatment, including anthelmintics, selection for resistance will occur. Anthelmintic resistance has reduced the utility of these drugs in certain clinical situations. Accordingly, recognizing resistance when it occurs and developing appropriate strategies to protect animal health in the face of diminished anthelmintic efficacy are important clinical skills. Resistance to parasiticides is discussed further below. Macrocyclic lactones, also referred to as avermectin/milbemycin compounds, constitute some of the safest, most effective, and most widely used anthelmintics ever developed. First marketed in the early 1980s, the class now includes abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, and selamectin. These compounds cause flaccid paralysis by impeding glutamate‐gated chloride channels; removal of gastrointestinal parasites follows via peristalsis and stages in tissues are cleared by the immune system. Although the specific efficacy of individual compounds differs and formulations influence spectrum of activity, in general, members of this class are effective against a diverse array of nematodes and arthropods. All available formulations are safe when administered according to label directions. However, extralabel use of high doses can result in toxicity, particularly in collies and other dogs that carry the MDR1 mutation and in certain exotic animals, including chelonians and some other reptiles. Table 7.2. Examples of withdrawal times for selected anthelmintics
CHAPTER 7
Treatment of Veterinary Parasites
INTRODUCTION
ANTHELMINTICS
Application route
Examples
Species available for
Oral
Tablets/chewable
Milbemycin oxime +/‐ praziquantel
Cats, dogs
Ivermectin +/‐ pyrantel +/‐ praziquantel
Cats, dogs
Pyrantel/praziquantel +/‐ febantel
Cats, dogs
Paste
Fenbendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin, oxibendazole, pyrantel pamoate
Horses
Fenbendazole
aCattle
Liquid
Albendazole, closantel, fenbendazole, ivermectin, levamisole, moxidectin, oxfendazole
aCattle, asheep, agoats
Water additive
Fenbendazole
aPigs
Feed additive
Fenbendazole, morantel tartrate
aCattle
Dichlorvos, fenbendazole, ivermectin, levamisole, piperazine, pyrantel tartrate
aPigs
Block / mineral
Fenbendazole
aCattle
Pellets
Fenbendazole, pyrantel tartrate
Horses
Injectable
Melarsomine dihydrochloride
Dogs
Moxidectin
Dogs
Doramectin, ivermectin
aCattle, apigs
Levamisole, moxidectin
aCattle
Eprinomectin extended release parasiticide
aCattle
Praziquantel
Cats, dogs
Transdermal
Moxidectin, selamectin
Cats, dogs
Emodepside/praziquantel
Cats
Eprinomectin/praziquantel
Cats
Doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin
aCattle
Specific Anthelmintics
Anthelmintic
Species treated
aWithdrawal times
Albendazole
Beef cattle
27 d oral liquid
Goats, sheep
7 d oral liquid
Dichlorvos
Pigs
0 d feed additive
Doramectin
Pigs
24 d injectable
Beef cattle
35 d injectable; 45 d pour‐on
Dairy cattle
Injectable only in heifers <20 mo. of age
Eprinomectin
Beef cattle
0 d pour‐on; 48 d injectable
Dairy cattle
0 d pour‐on; injectable only in heifers <20 mo. of age
Fenbendazole
Pigs
0 d feed additive
Beef cattle
8 d oral liquid, paste; 11 d molasses block; 13 d flaked meal, free‐choice mineral, pellets; 16 d protein block
Dairy cattle
0 d oral liquid, flaked meal, free‐choice mineral, paste, pellets
Goats
6 d oral liquid
Ivermectin
Pigs
5 d feed additive; 18 d injectable
Beef cattle
35 d injectable; 48 d pour‐on
Dairy cattle
Injectable only in heifers <20 mo. of age
Sheep
11 d oral liquid
Levamisole
Pigs
3 d water or feed additive
Beef cattle
2 d bolus, oral liquid, feed additive; 7 d injectable; 9 d pour‐on
Sheep
3 d oral liquid
Morantel tartrate
Beef cattle
14 d feed additive
Dairy cattle
0 d feed additive
Moxidectin
Beef cattle
0 d pour‐on; 21 d injectable
Dairy cattle
0 d pour‐on; injectable only in heifers <20 mo. of age
Sheep
7 d oral liquid
Oxfendazole
Beef cattle
7 d oral liquid
Piperazine
Pigs
21 d water or feed additive Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel
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