PART 2PHYSICAL SIGNS 2.1 General/miscellaneous physical signs 2.1.1 Abnormalities of body temperature – hyperthermia TRUE FEVER Drugs/toxins Adder bites Amphotericin B Aspirin Benzalkonium chloride Benzodiazepines Borax Cannabis Carbamate Daffodil Dichlorophen Diclofenac sodium Dinoprost tromethamine Glyphosate Horse chestnut Hymenoptera stings Indomethacin Ivermectin Metaldehyde Organophosphates Oxytetracycline Paracetamol Paraquat Penicillamine Petroleum distillates Phenytoin Poinsettia Procainamide Pyrethrin/pyrethroids Salbutamol Theobromine Yew Immune-mediated disease Autoimmune skin disease Bullous pemphigoid Discoid lupus erythematosus Pemphigus erythematosus Pemphigus foliaceus Pemphigus vulgaris Drug reactions Evan syndrome Familial renal amyloidosis (Shar Pei fever) Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia* Immune-mediated joint disease* Erosive Rheumatoid arthritis Non-erosive Chronic inflammatory/infectious Idiopathic Enteropathic Neoplasia Periosteal proliferative arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia Lymphadenitis Pemphigus Plasmacytic-lymphocytic gonitis Polyarteritis nodosa Polymyositis Steroid-responsive meningitis Systemic lupus erythematosus Immunodeficiency syndromes Defects in specific immunity, e.g. Agammaglobulinaemia C3 deficiency Canine leucocyte adhesion deficiency Lethal acrodermatitis Low immunoglobulins in Weimaraners (D) Neutrophil defect of Weimaraners (D) Pneumocystic pneumonia in miniature Dachshunds (D) Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia Selective immunoglobulin (IgA) deficiency Selective IgM deficiency Severe combined immunodeficiency disease Defects in non-specific immunity Bone marrow dyscrasia in Poodles (D) Canine cyclic haematopoiesis (D) Canine granulocytopathy syndrome (D) Chediak–Higashi syndrome (C) Complement deficiency (D) Hypotrichosis with thymic aplasia (C) Immotile cilia syndrome Trapped neutrophil syndrome Pelger–Huet anomaly Secondary immunodeficiencies Drugs Corticosteroids Immunosuppressive therapy Endocrine Hyperadrenocorticism Infectious, e.g. Canine distemper virus* (D) Demodecosis* Feline immunodeficiency syndrome* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Parvovirus Metabolic Uraemia Neoplastic Haematopoietic Nutritional Zinc deficiency Infection Bacterial Generalised/multifocal, e.g. Bartonellosis Brucellosis (D) Leptospirosis* Lyme disease Mycobacterium spp. Mycoplasma spp. Plague Septicaemia from septic focus Localised, e.g. Abscess*, e.g. Dental Lung Retrobulbar Cellulitis* Cholangiohepatitis Cystitis Dental disease* Discospondylitis Endocarditis Gastrointestinal infection* Mastitis Metritis* Osteomyelitis* Peritonitis* Pneumonia* Prostatitis* Pyelonephritis Pyometra/stump pyometra* Pyothorax* Septic arthritis* Urinary tract infection* Fungal, e.g. Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Parasitic, e.g. Aberrant helminth migration Babesiosis Chagas disease (Trypanosomiasis) Cytauxzoon felis Dirofilaria immitis Hepatozoonosis Leishmaniasis Protozoal, e.g. Neosporosis (D) Toxoplasmosis Rickettsial, e.g. Ehrlichiosis Rocky Mountain spotted fever (D) Salmon poisoning Viral (many), e.g. Canine distemper virus* (D) Canine hepatitis virus* (D) Canine parainfluenza virus* (D) Canine parvovirus* (D) Feline calicivirus* (C) Feline herpes virus* (C) Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Feline panleukopenia virus* (C) Miscellaneous Metabolic bone disorders Hypervitaminosis A (C) Metaphyseal osteopathy Nutritional secondary hyperthyroidism Panosteitis Pansteatitis (C) Portosystemic shunt True pyrexia of unknown origin Neoplasia Lymphoma* Lymphoproliferative disease Leukaemia Histiocytic disease (systemic histiocytosis, malignant histiocytosis, histiocytic sarcoma) Myeloproliferative disease Solid tumours* Tissue damage* Surgery* Trauma* OTHER CAUSES OF HYPERTHERMIA Heat stroke* Hyperpyrexic syndrome Increased muscular activity Episodic myokymia Hypocalcaemic tetany q.v. Normal exercise* Pain Seizures* q.v. Stress Pathological hyperthermia Hypermetabolic states Hyperthyroidism* (C) Pheochromocytoma Hypothalamic lesions Malignant hyperthermia 2.1.2 Abnormalities of body temperature – hypothermia Drugs/toxins Alphachloralose Baclofen Benzodiazepines Cannabis Daffodil Ethylene glycol General anaesthetics Ivermectin Loperamide Paracetamol Sedatives Yew Miscellaneous Aortic thromboembolism* (C) Cardiac disease* q.v. Coma q.v. Environmental cold* Hypoadrenocorticism (D) Hypothalamic disorders Hypothyroidism* (D) Loss of thermoregulatory abilities following heat stroke Near drowning Severe sepsis/endotoxaemia* 2.1.3 Enlarged lymph nodes INFILTRATION Neoplastic disease Haemolymphatic Leukaemia Lymphoma* Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Malignant histiocytosis Multiple myeloma Systemic mastocytosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Carcinoma Malignant melanoma Mast cell tumour Sarcoma Non-neoplastic disease Eosinophilic granuloma complex Mast cell infiltration PROLIFERATION/INFLAMMATION Infectious Algal Protothecosis Bacterial Actinomycosis Bartonella spp. Brucella canis (D) Corynebacterium spp. Localised infection Mycobacterium spp. Nocardiosis Septicaemia Streptococcus spp. Yersinia pestis Fungal Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Phycomycosis Sporotrichosis Parasitic Babesiosis Cytauxzoonosis Demodecosis Hepatozoonosis Leishmaniasis Trypanosomiasis Protozoal Neosporosis (D) Toxoplasmosis Rickettsial Ehrlichiosis Rocky Mountain spotted fever Salmon poisoning Viral Canine herpes virus* (D) Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Infectious canine hepatitis* (D) Non-infectious Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy Drug reactions Idiopathic Immune-mediated Immune-mediated polyarthritides Mineral-associated lymphadenopathy Granulomatous lymphadenitis Puppy strangles* (D) Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus Localised inflammation* Post-vaccine 2.1.4 Diffuse pain Gastrointestinal disease, e.g. Cholecystolithiasis/cholecystitis* Gastrointestinal inflammation/ulceration Gastrointestinal parasitism* Pancreatitis* Miscellaneous Panniculitis MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE, E.G. Polyarthritis Polymyositis Neurological disease, e.g. Meningoencephalitis Spinal disease* q.v. Thalamic pain syndrome Urological disease, e.g. Cystitis Prostatic disease* Pyelonephritis Renal parasitism Urethral tumour Urolithiasis Other causes of abdominal pain q.v. Mesenteric thrombosis Pansteatitis Peritonitis 2.1.5 Peripheral oedema Generalised Hypoalbuminaemia* q.v. Increased central venous pressure Central venous occlusion Neoplasia Thro mbosis Congestive heart failure* Vasculitis Localised Arteriovenous fistula Cellulitis* Drugs/toxins Alphaxalone/alphadolone Paracetamol Salbutamol Inflammation* Lymphangitis Lymphoedema Neurogenic or hormonal vasoactive stimuli Proximal venous obstruction Vascular trauma Vasculitis Regional Bilateral forelimb oedema/head and neck oedema Cranial vena cava syndrome Compression of cranial vena cava, e.g. by mediastinal mass Granuloma of cranial vena cava Neoplasia of cranial vena cava Thrombosis of cranial vena cava Bilateral hind limb oedema Budd–Chiari-like syndrome Obstruction of sublumbar lymph nodes, e.g. neoplasia Increased central venous pressure Central lymph obstruction Central venous occlusion, e.g. Mediastinal mass Thrombosis 2.1.6 Hypertension Adrenal disease Hyperadrenocorticism Hyperaldosteronism Pheochromocytoma Anaemia* q.v. CNS disease q.v. Drugs/toxins Corticosteroids Ciclosporin A Dobutamine Dopamine Doxapram Erythropoietin Fludrocortisone Phenylpropanolamine Theobromine Endocrine disease Acromegaly Diabetes mellitus* (D) Hyperoestrogenism Hyperthyroidism* (C) Hyperviscosity Hyperglobulinaemia q.v. Polycythaemia q.v. Iatrogenic Overzealous fluid administration Idiopathic Essential/primary hypertension Renal disease Renal arterial disease Renal parenchymal disease Amyloidosis Chronic interstitial nephritis* Glomerulonephritis Glomerulosclerosis Pyelonephritis Thyroid disease Hyperthyroidism* (C) 2.1.7 Hypotension Decreased cardiac function Arrhythmias* q.v. Cardiomyopathy* Congenital heart disease Electrolyte/acid–base disorders* q.v. Hypoxia Valvular disease* Decreased preload Heatstroke* Hypoadrenocorticism (D) Hypovolaemia* Blood donation Burns Effusions q.v. Diarrhoea q.v. Haemorrhage q.v. Polyuria without polydipsia q.v. Vomiting q.v. Decreased vascular tone Anaphylaxis Babesiosis Electrolyte/acid–base disorders* q.v. Hypoxia Neurological disease q.v. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome Decreased venous return Cardiac tamponade Caval syndrome/heartworm disease Gastric dilatation/volvulus* Pneumothorax* q.v. Positive pressure ventilation Restrictive pericarditis Drugs/toxins ACE inhibitors Adder bites Amiloride Amiodarone Daffodil Diazoxide Dopamine General anaesthetics and sedatives Hydralazine Hymenoptera stings Indomethacin Isosorbide dinitrate Lignocaine Medetomidine Mexiletine Midazolam Mistletoe Nitroprusside Oxytetracycline (intravenous) Phenoxybenzamine Prazosin Procainamide Propofol Pyridostigmine Quinidine Ranitidine (intravenous) Rhododendron Snake venom Sotalol Terbutaline Terfenadine Tricyclic antidepressants Verapamil Xylazine Yew 2.2 Gastrointestinal/abdominal physical signs 2.2.1 Oral lesions Congenital deformities e.g. Cleft palate Neoplasia Oropharyngeal tumours Extramedullary plasmacytoma Fibroma/fibrosarcoma Fibropapilloma Granular cell tumour Haemangiosarcoma Histiocytoma Lymphoma Mast cell tumour Melanoma* Mixed mesenchymal sarcoma Papilloma (D) Rhabdomyosarcoma Squamous cell carcinoma Transmissible venereal tumour (D) Odontogenic tumours Acanthomatous epulides Ameloblastic adenomatoid Ameloblastoma Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour Cementoma Dentinoma Fibromatous epulides Fibromyxoma Hamartoma Inductive fibroameloblastoma (C) Keratinising ameloblastoma (C) Odontogenic fibroma Odontoma Ossifying epulides Inflammatory masses, e.g. Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex* Oral ulceration Immune-mediated/inflammatory, e.g. Eosinophilic granuloma complex* Lymphoplasmacytic* Infectious, e.g. Feline calicivirus Ingestion of irritant/caustic substances* Metabolic, e.g. Uraemia* q.v. Traumatic* Periodontitis/gingivitis Bacterial infection* Diabetes mellitus* Diet (non-abrasive)* Immune deficiency, e.g. Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Immune-mediated disease, e.g. Lymphoplasmacytic* Periodontal foreign material*, e.g. Grass Hair Tooth abnormalities*, e.g. Crowding Malocclusion Rough surfaces Salivary gland enlargement Infarction Infection Neoplasia Acinic cell tumour Adenocarcinoma Monomorphic adenoma Mucoepidermoid tumour Pleomorphic adenoma Undifferentiated carcinoma Sialadenitis Sialadenosis Sialocele Stomatitis Immune-mediated/inflammatory, e.g. Eosinophilic stomatitis Lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis* Infection, e.g. Bartonella henselae Feline calicivirus* (C) Feline herpes virus* (C) Ingestion of irritant/caustic substances Metabolic, e.g. uraemia* Traumatic* Tooth disease Caries Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions* (C) Trauma* 2.2.2 Abdominal distension Abdominal neoplasia* Ascites* q.v. Bladder distension* q.v. Gastric dilatation* Gastric distension* Intestinal dilatation/volvulus Obesity Obstipation* q.v. Organomegaly* Enlarged kidney q.v. Enlarged uterus q.v. Hepatomegaly q.v. Splenomegaly q.v. Pneumoperitoneum Pregnancy Weakness of abdominal musculature Hyperadrenocorticism Ruptured prepubic tendon 2.2.3 Abdominal pain Drugs/toxins Allopurinol Blue-green algae Borax Daffodil Diclofenac sodium Dieffenbachia Horse chestnut Ibuprofen Indomethacin Itraconazole Loperamide Metaldehyde Misoprostol Naproxen NPK fertilisers Paracetamol Paraquat Petroleum distillates Phenoxy acid herbicides Poinsettia Rhododendron Theobromine Zinc sulphate Gastrointestinal disease Colitis* Constipation* q.v. Enteritis* Gastric dilatation/volvulus* (D) Gastric foreign body* Gastric ulceration* Gastritis* Intestinal volvulus Neoplasia* Small intestinal foreign body* Hepatobiliary disease Cholangitis Cholecystitis* Cholelithiasis Gall bladder obstruction Hepatitis* Liver lobe torsion Portal hypertension Mechanical factors Dilatation of a hollow viscus Bladder distension* q.v. Gastric dilatation/volvulus* (D) Intestinal dilatation, e.g. Foreign body Volvulus Obstruction of outflow Obstruction of bile outflow Urinary tract obstruction Mesenteric tension/traction/torsion Abscess Bowel incarceration in hernia or mesenteric tear Cryptorchid testicular torsion Foreign body* Haematoma Intestinal volvulus Gastric dilatation/volvulus* (D) Intussusception* Neoplasia Splenic torsion Stenosis/stricture Uterine torsion Miscellaneous Mesenteric thromboembolism Sterile nodular panniculitis and pansteatitis in Weimaraners Musculoskeletal pain Abdominal muscle rupture Referred spinal pain* Organ rupture Bile duct Gall bladder Intestine Spleen Stomach Urinary tract Uterus, e.g. Pyometra Pancreas Pancreatic abscess Pancreatitis* Pancreatic neoplasia Peritoneal cavity Ascites q.v. Pneumoperitoneum Haemoabdomen Angiostrongylus vasorum infection Coagulopathy q.v. Neoplasia* Trauma* Peritonitis Blunt trauma* Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Iatrogenic, e.g. Post-surgical* Pancreatitis* Penetrating trauma Primary (C) Prostatitis* Rupture or penetration of gastrointestinal tract Ruptured pyometra Uroabdomen Rupture of urinary tract Reproductive system Labour/dystocia* Metritis* Prostatic disease Pyometra* Trauma Fractures* Ruptured viscus Urinary system Cystitis* Lower urinary tract obstruction* Nephritis Nephrolithiasis Pyelonephritis Ureteral obstruction 2.2.4 Perianal swelling Anal/rectal prolapse* Faecal tenesmus* Anal sac disease Anal sac abscess* Anal sac adenocarcinoma Anal sac impaction* Anal sacculitis* Neoplasia Perianal adenoma* Other perianal neoplasia Perineal hernia* Idiopathic Secondary to causes of tenesmus q.v. 2.2.5 Jaundice PRE-HEPATIC Haemolytic anaemia q.v. Congenital porphyria Ineffective erythropoiesis Internal haemorrhage Severe myolysis HEPATIC Drugs/toxins Barbiturates Blue-green algae Carbimazole Diazepam Glipizide Glucocorticoids Glyphosate Griseofulvin Ketoconazole Methimazole Methyltestosterone Metronidazole Mexiletine NSAIDS, e.g. Carprofen Ibuprofen Paracetamol Phenylbutazone Phenobarbitone Plastic explosives Primidone Salicylates Sulphasalazine Tetracycline Intrahepatic cholestasis Hepatic necrosis, e.g. Infection Toxin Infection Bacterial* Fungal Viral Adenovirus* (D) Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Inflammation Cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis* Miscellaneous Amyloidosis Cirrhosis Hepatic erythrohaemophagic syndrome Hepatic lipidosis Polycystic kidney disease with liver cysts (C) Neoplasia, e.g. Lymphoma* Mast cell tumour Myeloproliferative disease POST-HEPATIC Bile duct occlusion Extraluminal Choledochal cysts (C) Duodenal disease Pancreatic neoplasia Pancreatitis* Polycystic disease (C) Secondary to peribiliary disease Stricture at porta hepatis Intramural Cholangitis Cholecystitis* Choledochitis Gall bladder/duct neoplasia Intraluminal Choledochal cysts (C) Cholelithiasis Gall bladder mucocoele Haemobilia Inspissated bile Polycystic kidney disease with liver cysts(C) 2.2.6 Abnormal liver palpation Generalised enlargement Drugs Glucocorticoids Endocrine disease Diabetes mellitus* Hyperadrenocorticism Inflammation/infection, e.g. Abscess* Cholangiohepatitis* Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Fungal infection Granuloma Hepatitis* Lymphocytic cholangitis Miscellaneous Amyloidosis Cholestasis (see Jaundice q.v.) Cirrhosis (early) Hepatic lipidosis Nodular hyperplasia Peliosis Storage diseases Neoplasia* e.g. Lymphoma Malignant histiocytosis Venous congestion Caudal vena cava occlusion (post-caval syndrome) Adhesions Cardiac neoplasia Congenital cardiac disease Diaphragmatic rupture/hernia* Dirofilariasis Pericardial disease Thoracic mass* Thrombosis Trauma Right-sided congestive heart failure, e.g. Dilated cardiomyopathy* Pericardial effusion Focal enlargement Abscess* Biliary pseudocyst Cyst Granuloma Haematoma* Hepatic arteriovenous fistula Hyperplastic/regenerative nodule* Liver lobe torsion Neoplasia Adenocarcinoma* Biliary cystadenoma Haemangiosarcoma* Hepatocellular carcinoma* Hepatoma Lymphoma* Malignant histiocytosis Metastatic* Reduced liver size Cirrhosis* Diaphragmatic rupture/hernia* (apparent reduction) Hypoadrenocorticism (D) Idiopathic hepatic fibrosis Portosystemic shunt Acquired Congenital 2.3 Cardiorespiratory physical signs 2.3.1 Dyspnoea/tachypnoea Drugs/toxins Benzalkonium chloride Blue-green algae Dichlorophen Ibuprofen Metaldehyde Naproxen Paracetamol (methaemoglobinaemia) Paraquat Salbutamol Strychnine Terfenadine Physiological causes Exercise Fear High ambient temperature Pain Upper airway disorders Cervical tracheal disease Extraluminal compression Foreign body Hypoplasia/stenosis Neoplasia Extraluminal Intraluminal Adenocarcinoma Chondroma Chondrosarcoma Leiomyoma Lymphoma Osteochondroma Osteosarcoma Plasmacytoma Polyps Rhabdomyosarcoma Squamous cell carcinoma Tracheal collapse* Trauma Laryngeal disease Everted saccules* (D) Inflammation Laryngeal paralysis* (D) Neoplasia Oedema* Nasal disease (more often dyspnoea than tachypnoea) e.g. Aspergillosis Foreign body* Inflammatory disease* Nasopharyngeal polyp Neoplasia Stenotic nares Pharyngeal disease Elongated or oedematous soft palate* (D) Enlarged tonsils* Lower airway disorders Thoracic tracheal disease, e.g. Extraluminal compression Foreign body Hypoplasia/stenosis Neoplasia (extra- or intraluminal) Tracheal collapse* Trauma Bronchial disease Bronchiectasis Broncho-oesophageal fistula Bronchitis* (D) Cystic-bullous lung disease, e.g. secondary to emphysema Eosinophilic bronchitis* Extraluminal compression Enlarged left atrium Hilar lymphadenopathy, e.g. Fungal disease Granulomatous disease Neoplasia Feline asthma* (C) Foreign body Lungworm Neoplasia Primary ciliary dyskinesia Pulmonary parenchymal disease Foreign body Abscess Chronic pulmonary fibrosis Eosinophilic bronchopneumonopathy Eosinophilic pneumonitis Eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis Hilar lymph node enlargement Inhalation pneumonia Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Inflammatory disease Irritating gases Near drowning Neoplasia* Paraquat toxicity Pneumonia/infectious disease* Aspiration/inhalation pneumonia Bacterial, e.g. Bordetella bronchiseptica Chlamydophila psittaci Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Mycobacterium spp. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pasteurellosis Endogenous lipid pneumonia Fungal, e.g. Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Pneumocystis Parasitic, e.g. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Angiostrongylus vasorum Capillaria aerophila Crenosoma vulpis Oslerus spp. Paragonimus kellicotti Visceral larval migrans Protozoal, e.g. Toxoplasmosis Rickettsial Viral, e.g. Canine distemper virus* (D) Feline calicivirus* (C) Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Pulmonary oedema q.v. Pulmonary thromboembolism, e.g. Cardiac disease Heartworm disease Hyperadrenocorticism Smoke inhalation Trauma, e.g. Pulmonary contusions Pulmonary haemorrhage Restrictive disorders Diaphragmatic hernia, e.g. Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia Traumatic* Large intra-abdominal mass Neoplasia Mediastinal Thoracic wall Pickwickian syndrome (extreme obesity) Pleural effusion* q.v. Pneumothorax* q.v. Severe ascites q.v. Severe gastric distension Severe hepatomegaly q.v. Thoracic wall abnormalities, e.g. Neoplasia Pectus excavatum Trauma* Systemic and miscellaneous disorders Anaemia* q.v. Central neurological disease causing damage to respiratory centres, e.g. Head trauma Hyperthermia* q.v. Hyperthyroidism* (C) Hypoxia* Metabolic acidosis q.v. Neuromuscular weakness, e.g. polyradiculoneuritis Shock/hypovolaemia* q.v. Acute respiratory distress syndrome Aspiration of acidic substances Drug reaction Inhalation injury Lung lobe torsion Multiple transfusions Pancreatitis Sepsis Shock Surgery Trauma 2.3.2 Pallor Anaemia q.v. Decreased peripheral perfusion Shock q.v. Syncope Vasoconstriction Drugs/toxins Adder bites Baclofen Diclofenac sodium Ibuprofen Ivermectin Metaldehyde Naproxen Paracetamol Vitamin D rodenticides 2.3.3 Shock Cardiogenic Decreased systolic function Dilated cardiomyopathy* Drugs/toxins, e.g. Doxorubicin Myocardial infarction Myocarditis Decreased ventricular filling Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy* (C) Pericardial effusion/tamponade* Restrictive cardiomyopathy* (C) Restrictive pericarditis Obstruction Heartworm disease Intracardiac mass Thrombosis Severe arrhythmia q.v. Only gold members can continue reading. 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PART 2PHYSICAL SIGNS 2.1 General/miscellaneous physical signs 2.1.1 Abnormalities of body temperature – hyperthermia TRUE FEVER Drugs/toxins Adder bites Amphotericin B Aspirin Benzalkonium chloride Benzodiazepines Borax Cannabis Carbamate Daffodil Dichlorophen Diclofenac sodium Dinoprost tromethamine Glyphosate Horse chestnut Hymenoptera stings Indomethacin Ivermectin Metaldehyde Organophosphates Oxytetracycline Paracetamol Paraquat Penicillamine Petroleum distillates Phenytoin Poinsettia Procainamide Pyrethrin/pyrethroids Salbutamol Theobromine Yew Immune-mediated disease Autoimmune skin disease Bullous pemphigoid Discoid lupus erythematosus Pemphigus erythematosus Pemphigus foliaceus Pemphigus vulgaris Drug reactions Evan syndrome Familial renal amyloidosis (Shar Pei fever) Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia* Immune-mediated joint disease* Erosive Rheumatoid arthritis Non-erosive Chronic inflammatory/infectious Idiopathic Enteropathic Neoplasia Periosteal proliferative arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia Lymphadenitis Pemphigus Plasmacytic-lymphocytic gonitis Polyarteritis nodosa Polymyositis Steroid-responsive meningitis Systemic lupus erythematosus Immunodeficiency syndromes Defects in specific immunity, e.g. Agammaglobulinaemia C3 deficiency Canine leucocyte adhesion deficiency Lethal acrodermatitis Low immunoglobulins in Weimaraners (D) Neutrophil defect of Weimaraners (D) Pneumocystic pneumonia in miniature Dachshunds (D) Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia Selective immunoglobulin (IgA) deficiency Selective IgM deficiency Severe combined immunodeficiency disease Defects in non-specific immunity Bone marrow dyscrasia in Poodles (D) Canine cyclic haematopoiesis (D) Canine granulocytopathy syndrome (D) Chediak–Higashi syndrome (C) Complement deficiency (D) Hypotrichosis with thymic aplasia (C) Immotile cilia syndrome Trapped neutrophil syndrome Pelger–Huet anomaly Secondary immunodeficiencies Drugs Corticosteroids Immunosuppressive therapy Endocrine Hyperadrenocorticism Infectious, e.g. Canine distemper virus* (D) Demodecosis* Feline immunodeficiency syndrome* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Parvovirus Metabolic Uraemia Neoplastic Haematopoietic Nutritional Zinc deficiency Infection Bacterial Generalised/multifocal, e.g. Bartonellosis Brucellosis (D) Leptospirosis* Lyme disease Mycobacterium spp. Mycoplasma spp. Plague Septicaemia from septic focus Localised, e.g. Abscess*, e.g. Dental Lung Retrobulbar Cellulitis* Cholangiohepatitis Cystitis Dental disease* Discospondylitis Endocarditis Gastrointestinal infection* Mastitis Metritis* Osteomyelitis* Peritonitis* Pneumonia* Prostatitis* Pyelonephritis Pyometra/stump pyometra* Pyothorax* Septic arthritis* Urinary tract infection* Fungal, e.g. Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Parasitic, e.g. Aberrant helminth migration Babesiosis Chagas disease (Trypanosomiasis) Cytauxzoon felis Dirofilaria immitis Hepatozoonosis Leishmaniasis Protozoal, e.g. Neosporosis (D) Toxoplasmosis Rickettsial, e.g. Ehrlichiosis Rocky Mountain spotted fever (D) Salmon poisoning Viral (many), e.g. Canine distemper virus* (D) Canine hepatitis virus* (D) Canine parainfluenza virus* (D) Canine parvovirus* (D) Feline calicivirus* (C) Feline herpes virus* (C) Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Feline panleukopenia virus* (C) Miscellaneous Metabolic bone disorders Hypervitaminosis A (C) Metaphyseal osteopathy Nutritional secondary hyperthyroidism Panosteitis Pansteatitis (C) Portosystemic shunt True pyrexia of unknown origin Neoplasia Lymphoma* Lymphoproliferative disease Leukaemia Histiocytic disease (systemic histiocytosis, malignant histiocytosis, histiocytic sarcoma) Myeloproliferative disease Solid tumours* Tissue damage* Surgery* Trauma* OTHER CAUSES OF HYPERTHERMIA Heat stroke* Hyperpyrexic syndrome Increased muscular activity Episodic myokymia Hypocalcaemic tetany q.v. Normal exercise* Pain Seizures* q.v. Stress Pathological hyperthermia Hypermetabolic states Hyperthyroidism* (C) Pheochromocytoma Hypothalamic lesions Malignant hyperthermia 2.1.2 Abnormalities of body temperature – hypothermia Drugs/toxins Alphachloralose Baclofen Benzodiazepines Cannabis Daffodil Ethylene glycol General anaesthetics Ivermectin Loperamide Paracetamol Sedatives Yew Miscellaneous Aortic thromboembolism* (C) Cardiac disease* q.v. Coma q.v. Environmental cold* Hypoadrenocorticism (D) Hypothalamic disorders Hypothyroidism* (D) Loss of thermoregulatory abilities following heat stroke Near drowning Severe sepsis/endotoxaemia* 2.1.3 Enlarged lymph nodes INFILTRATION Neoplastic disease Haemolymphatic Leukaemia Lymphoma* Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Malignant histiocytosis Multiple myeloma Systemic mastocytosis Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Carcinoma Malignant melanoma Mast cell tumour Sarcoma Non-neoplastic disease Eosinophilic granuloma complex Mast cell infiltration PROLIFERATION/INFLAMMATION Infectious Algal Protothecosis Bacterial Actinomycosis Bartonella spp. Brucella canis (D) Corynebacterium spp. Localised infection Mycobacterium spp. Nocardiosis Septicaemia Streptococcus spp. Yersinia pestis Fungal Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Phycomycosis Sporotrichosis Parasitic Babesiosis Cytauxzoonosis Demodecosis Hepatozoonosis Leishmaniasis Trypanosomiasis Protozoal Neosporosis (D) Toxoplasmosis Rickettsial Ehrlichiosis Rocky Mountain spotted fever Salmon poisoning Viral Canine herpes virus* (D) Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Infectious canine hepatitis* (D) Non-infectious Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy Drug reactions Idiopathic Immune-mediated Immune-mediated polyarthritides Mineral-associated lymphadenopathy Granulomatous lymphadenitis Puppy strangles* (D) Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus Localised inflammation* Post-vaccine 2.1.4 Diffuse pain Gastrointestinal disease, e.g. Cholecystolithiasis/cholecystitis* Gastrointestinal inflammation/ulceration Gastrointestinal parasitism* Pancreatitis* Miscellaneous Panniculitis MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE, E.G. Polyarthritis Polymyositis Neurological disease, e.g. Meningoencephalitis Spinal disease* q.v. Thalamic pain syndrome Urological disease, e.g. Cystitis Prostatic disease* Pyelonephritis Renal parasitism Urethral tumour Urolithiasis Other causes of abdominal pain q.v. Mesenteric thrombosis Pansteatitis Peritonitis 2.1.5 Peripheral oedema Generalised Hypoalbuminaemia* q.v. Increased central venous pressure Central venous occlusion Neoplasia Thro mbosis Congestive heart failure* Vasculitis Localised Arteriovenous fistula Cellulitis* Drugs/toxins Alphaxalone/alphadolone Paracetamol Salbutamol Inflammation* Lymphangitis Lymphoedema Neurogenic or hormonal vasoactive stimuli Proximal venous obstruction Vascular trauma Vasculitis Regional Bilateral forelimb oedema/head and neck oedema Cranial vena cava syndrome Compression of cranial vena cava, e.g. by mediastinal mass Granuloma of cranial vena cava Neoplasia of cranial vena cava Thrombosis of cranial vena cava Bilateral hind limb oedema Budd–Chiari-like syndrome Obstruction of sublumbar lymph nodes, e.g. neoplasia Increased central venous pressure Central lymph obstruction Central venous occlusion, e.g. Mediastinal mass Thrombosis 2.1.6 Hypertension Adrenal disease Hyperadrenocorticism Hyperaldosteronism Pheochromocytoma Anaemia* q.v. CNS disease q.v. Drugs/toxins Corticosteroids Ciclosporin A Dobutamine Dopamine Doxapram Erythropoietin Fludrocortisone Phenylpropanolamine Theobromine Endocrine disease Acromegaly Diabetes mellitus* (D) Hyperoestrogenism Hyperthyroidism* (C) Hyperviscosity Hyperglobulinaemia q.v. Polycythaemia q.v. Iatrogenic Overzealous fluid administration Idiopathic Essential/primary hypertension Renal disease Renal arterial disease Renal parenchymal disease Amyloidosis Chronic interstitial nephritis* Glomerulonephritis Glomerulosclerosis Pyelonephritis Thyroid disease Hyperthyroidism* (C) 2.1.7 Hypotension Decreased cardiac function Arrhythmias* q.v. Cardiomyopathy* Congenital heart disease Electrolyte/acid–base disorders* q.v. Hypoxia Valvular disease* Decreased preload Heatstroke* Hypoadrenocorticism (D) Hypovolaemia* Blood donation Burns Effusions q.v. Diarrhoea q.v. Haemorrhage q.v. Polyuria without polydipsia q.v. Vomiting q.v. Decreased vascular tone Anaphylaxis Babesiosis Electrolyte/acid–base disorders* q.v. Hypoxia Neurological disease q.v. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome Decreased venous return Cardiac tamponade Caval syndrome/heartworm disease Gastric dilatation/volvulus* Pneumothorax* q.v. Positive pressure ventilation Restrictive pericarditis Drugs/toxins ACE inhibitors Adder bites Amiloride Amiodarone Daffodil Diazoxide Dopamine General anaesthetics and sedatives Hydralazine Hymenoptera stings Indomethacin Isosorbide dinitrate Lignocaine Medetomidine Mexiletine Midazolam Mistletoe Nitroprusside Oxytetracycline (intravenous) Phenoxybenzamine Prazosin Procainamide Propofol Pyridostigmine Quinidine Ranitidine (intravenous) Rhododendron Snake venom Sotalol Terbutaline Terfenadine Tricyclic antidepressants Verapamil Xylazine Yew 2.2 Gastrointestinal/abdominal physical signs 2.2.1 Oral lesions Congenital deformities e.g. Cleft palate Neoplasia Oropharyngeal tumours Extramedullary plasmacytoma Fibroma/fibrosarcoma Fibropapilloma Granular cell tumour Haemangiosarcoma Histiocytoma Lymphoma Mast cell tumour Melanoma* Mixed mesenchymal sarcoma Papilloma (D) Rhabdomyosarcoma Squamous cell carcinoma Transmissible venereal tumour (D) Odontogenic tumours Acanthomatous epulides Ameloblastic adenomatoid Ameloblastoma Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour Cementoma Dentinoma Fibromatous epulides Fibromyxoma Hamartoma Inductive fibroameloblastoma (C) Keratinising ameloblastoma (C) Odontogenic fibroma Odontoma Ossifying epulides Inflammatory masses, e.g. Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex* Oral ulceration Immune-mediated/inflammatory, e.g. Eosinophilic granuloma complex* Lymphoplasmacytic* Infectious, e.g. Feline calicivirus Ingestion of irritant/caustic substances* Metabolic, e.g. Uraemia* q.v. Traumatic* Periodontitis/gingivitis Bacterial infection* Diabetes mellitus* Diet (non-abrasive)* Immune deficiency, e.g. Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Immune-mediated disease, e.g. Lymphoplasmacytic* Periodontal foreign material*, e.g. Grass Hair Tooth abnormalities*, e.g. Crowding Malocclusion Rough surfaces Salivary gland enlargement Infarction Infection Neoplasia Acinic cell tumour Adenocarcinoma Monomorphic adenoma Mucoepidermoid tumour Pleomorphic adenoma Undifferentiated carcinoma Sialadenitis Sialadenosis Sialocele Stomatitis Immune-mediated/inflammatory, e.g. Eosinophilic stomatitis Lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis* Infection, e.g. Bartonella henselae Feline calicivirus* (C) Feline herpes virus* (C) Ingestion of irritant/caustic substances Metabolic, e.g. uraemia* Traumatic* Tooth disease Caries Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions* (C) Trauma* 2.2.2 Abdominal distension Abdominal neoplasia* Ascites* q.v. Bladder distension* q.v. Gastric dilatation* Gastric distension* Intestinal dilatation/volvulus Obesity Obstipation* q.v. Organomegaly* Enlarged kidney q.v. Enlarged uterus q.v. Hepatomegaly q.v. Splenomegaly q.v. Pneumoperitoneum Pregnancy Weakness of abdominal musculature Hyperadrenocorticism Ruptured prepubic tendon 2.2.3 Abdominal pain Drugs/toxins Allopurinol Blue-green algae Borax Daffodil Diclofenac sodium Dieffenbachia Horse chestnut Ibuprofen Indomethacin Itraconazole Loperamide Metaldehyde Misoprostol Naproxen NPK fertilisers Paracetamol Paraquat Petroleum distillates Phenoxy acid herbicides Poinsettia Rhododendron Theobromine Zinc sulphate Gastrointestinal disease Colitis* Constipation* q.v. Enteritis* Gastric dilatation/volvulus* (D) Gastric foreign body* Gastric ulceration* Gastritis* Intestinal volvulus Neoplasia* Small intestinal foreign body* Hepatobiliary disease Cholangitis Cholecystitis* Cholelithiasis Gall bladder obstruction Hepatitis* Liver lobe torsion Portal hypertension Mechanical factors Dilatation of a hollow viscus Bladder distension* q.v. Gastric dilatation/volvulus* (D) Intestinal dilatation, e.g. Foreign body Volvulus Obstruction of outflow Obstruction of bile outflow Urinary tract obstruction Mesenteric tension/traction/torsion Abscess Bowel incarceration in hernia or mesenteric tear Cryptorchid testicular torsion Foreign body* Haematoma Intestinal volvulus Gastric dilatation/volvulus* (D) Intussusception* Neoplasia Splenic torsion Stenosis/stricture Uterine torsion Miscellaneous Mesenteric thromboembolism Sterile nodular panniculitis and pansteatitis in Weimaraners Musculoskeletal pain Abdominal muscle rupture Referred spinal pain* Organ rupture Bile duct Gall bladder Intestine Spleen Stomach Urinary tract Uterus, e.g. Pyometra Pancreas Pancreatic abscess Pancreatitis* Pancreatic neoplasia Peritoneal cavity Ascites q.v. Pneumoperitoneum Haemoabdomen Angiostrongylus vasorum infection Coagulopathy q.v. Neoplasia* Trauma* Peritonitis Blunt trauma* Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Iatrogenic, e.g. Post-surgical* Pancreatitis* Penetrating trauma Primary (C) Prostatitis* Rupture or penetration of gastrointestinal tract Ruptured pyometra Uroabdomen Rupture of urinary tract Reproductive system Labour/dystocia* Metritis* Prostatic disease Pyometra* Trauma Fractures* Ruptured viscus Urinary system Cystitis* Lower urinary tract obstruction* Nephritis Nephrolithiasis Pyelonephritis Ureteral obstruction 2.2.4 Perianal swelling Anal/rectal prolapse* Faecal tenesmus* Anal sac disease Anal sac abscess* Anal sac adenocarcinoma Anal sac impaction* Anal sacculitis* Neoplasia Perianal adenoma* Other perianal neoplasia Perineal hernia* Idiopathic Secondary to causes of tenesmus q.v. 2.2.5 Jaundice PRE-HEPATIC Haemolytic anaemia q.v. Congenital porphyria Ineffective erythropoiesis Internal haemorrhage Severe myolysis HEPATIC Drugs/toxins Barbiturates Blue-green algae Carbimazole Diazepam Glipizide Glucocorticoids Glyphosate Griseofulvin Ketoconazole Methimazole Methyltestosterone Metronidazole Mexiletine NSAIDS, e.g. Carprofen Ibuprofen Paracetamol Phenylbutazone Phenobarbitone Plastic explosives Primidone Salicylates Sulphasalazine Tetracycline Intrahepatic cholestasis Hepatic necrosis, e.g. Infection Toxin Infection Bacterial* Fungal Viral Adenovirus* (D) Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Inflammation Cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis* Miscellaneous Amyloidosis Cirrhosis Hepatic erythrohaemophagic syndrome Hepatic lipidosis Polycystic kidney disease with liver cysts (C) Neoplasia, e.g. Lymphoma* Mast cell tumour Myeloproliferative disease POST-HEPATIC Bile duct occlusion Extraluminal Choledochal cysts (C) Duodenal disease Pancreatic neoplasia Pancreatitis* Polycystic disease (C) Secondary to peribiliary disease Stricture at porta hepatis Intramural Cholangitis Cholecystitis* Choledochitis Gall bladder/duct neoplasia Intraluminal Choledochal cysts (C) Cholelithiasis Gall bladder mucocoele Haemobilia Inspissated bile Polycystic kidney disease with liver cysts(C) 2.2.6 Abnormal liver palpation Generalised enlargement Drugs Glucocorticoids Endocrine disease Diabetes mellitus* Hyperadrenocorticism Inflammation/infection, e.g. Abscess* Cholangiohepatitis* Feline infectious peritonitis* (C) Fungal infection Granuloma Hepatitis* Lymphocytic cholangitis Miscellaneous Amyloidosis Cholestasis (see Jaundice q.v.) Cirrhosis (early) Hepatic lipidosis Nodular hyperplasia Peliosis Storage diseases Neoplasia* e.g. Lymphoma Malignant histiocytosis Venous congestion Caudal vena cava occlusion (post-caval syndrome) Adhesions Cardiac neoplasia Congenital cardiac disease Diaphragmatic rupture/hernia* Dirofilariasis Pericardial disease Thoracic mass* Thrombosis Trauma Right-sided congestive heart failure, e.g. Dilated cardiomyopathy* Pericardial effusion Focal enlargement Abscess* Biliary pseudocyst Cyst Granuloma Haematoma* Hepatic arteriovenous fistula Hyperplastic/regenerative nodule* Liver lobe torsion Neoplasia Adenocarcinoma* Biliary cystadenoma Haemangiosarcoma* Hepatocellular carcinoma* Hepatoma Lymphoma* Malignant histiocytosis Metastatic* Reduced liver size Cirrhosis* Diaphragmatic rupture/hernia* (apparent reduction) Hypoadrenocorticism (D) Idiopathic hepatic fibrosis Portosystemic shunt Acquired Congenital 2.3 Cardiorespiratory physical signs 2.3.1 Dyspnoea/tachypnoea Drugs/toxins Benzalkonium chloride Blue-green algae Dichlorophen Ibuprofen Metaldehyde Naproxen Paracetamol (methaemoglobinaemia) Paraquat Salbutamol Strychnine Terfenadine Physiological causes Exercise Fear High ambient temperature Pain Upper airway disorders Cervical tracheal disease Extraluminal compression Foreign body Hypoplasia/stenosis Neoplasia Extraluminal Intraluminal Adenocarcinoma Chondroma Chondrosarcoma Leiomyoma Lymphoma Osteochondroma Osteosarcoma Plasmacytoma Polyps Rhabdomyosarcoma Squamous cell carcinoma Tracheal collapse* Trauma Laryngeal disease Everted saccules* (D) Inflammation Laryngeal paralysis* (D) Neoplasia Oedema* Nasal disease (more often dyspnoea than tachypnoea) e.g. Aspergillosis Foreign body* Inflammatory disease* Nasopharyngeal polyp Neoplasia Stenotic nares Pharyngeal disease Elongated or oedematous soft palate* (D) Enlarged tonsils* Lower airway disorders Thoracic tracheal disease, e.g. Extraluminal compression Foreign body Hypoplasia/stenosis Neoplasia (extra- or intraluminal) Tracheal collapse* Trauma Bronchial disease Bronchiectasis Broncho-oesophageal fistula Bronchitis* (D) Cystic-bullous lung disease, e.g. secondary to emphysema Eosinophilic bronchitis* Extraluminal compression Enlarged left atrium Hilar lymphadenopathy, e.g. Fungal disease Granulomatous disease Neoplasia Feline asthma* (C) Foreign body Lungworm Neoplasia Primary ciliary dyskinesia Pulmonary parenchymal disease Foreign body Abscess Chronic pulmonary fibrosis Eosinophilic bronchopneumonopathy Eosinophilic pneumonitis Eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis Hilar lymph node enlargement Inhalation pneumonia Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Inflammatory disease Irritating gases Near drowning Neoplasia* Paraquat toxicity Pneumonia/infectious disease* Aspiration/inhalation pneumonia Bacterial, e.g. Bordetella bronchiseptica Chlamydophila psittaci Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Mycobacterium spp. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pasteurellosis Endogenous lipid pneumonia Fungal, e.g. Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Pneumocystis Parasitic, e.g. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Angiostrongylus vasorum Capillaria aerophila Crenosoma vulpis Oslerus spp. Paragonimus kellicotti Visceral larval migrans Protozoal, e.g. Toxoplasmosis Rickettsial Viral, e.g. Canine distemper virus* (D) Feline calicivirus* (C) Feline immunodeficiency virus* (C) Feline leukaemia virus* (C) Pulmonary oedema q.v. Pulmonary thromboembolism, e.g. Cardiac disease Heartworm disease Hyperadrenocorticism Smoke inhalation Trauma, e.g. Pulmonary contusions Pulmonary haemorrhage Restrictive disorders Diaphragmatic hernia, e.g. Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia Traumatic* Large intra-abdominal mass Neoplasia Mediastinal Thoracic wall Pickwickian syndrome (extreme obesity) Pleural effusion* q.v. Pneumothorax* q.v. Severe ascites q.v. Severe gastric distension Severe hepatomegaly q.v. Thoracic wall abnormalities, e.g. Neoplasia Pectus excavatum Trauma* Systemic and miscellaneous disorders Anaemia* q.v. Central neurological disease causing damage to respiratory centres, e.g. Head trauma Hyperthermia* q.v. Hyperthyroidism* (C) Hypoxia* Metabolic acidosis q.v. Neuromuscular weakness, e.g. polyradiculoneuritis Shock/hypovolaemia* q.v. Acute respiratory distress syndrome Aspiration of acidic substances Drug reaction Inhalation injury Lung lobe torsion Multiple transfusions Pancreatitis Sepsis Shock Surgery Trauma 2.3.2 Pallor Anaemia q.v. Decreased peripheral perfusion Shock q.v. Syncope Vasoconstriction Drugs/toxins Adder bites Baclofen Diclofenac sodium Ibuprofen Ivermectin Metaldehyde Naproxen Paracetamol Vitamin D rodenticides 2.3.3 Shock Cardiogenic Decreased systolic function Dilated cardiomyopathy* Drugs/toxins, e.g. Doxorubicin Myocardial infarction Myocarditis Decreased ventricular filling Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy* (C) Pericardial effusion/tamponade* Restrictive cardiomyopathy* (C) Restrictive pericarditis Obstruction Heartworm disease Intracardiac mass Thrombosis Severe arrhythmia q.v. Only gold members can continue reading. 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